modern psych in hist perspective - psychometrics

what is Galton known as?

the grandfather of modern psychology

what is psychometrics?

the scientific study of individual differences in skills, talents, and personality traits

what did Galton contribute to psychometrics?

speed and acuity of sensory and motor responses

what did Binet contribute to psychometrics?

verbal reasoning

what did Wechsler contribute to psychometrics?

verbal and practical reasoning

what did Spearman contribute to psychometrics?

factor-analytical approach

what did Vernon contribute to psychometrics?

speed of inspection and information processing

what comparative studies did Galton do to support his heredity hypothesis?

compared intelligence scores among relatives of varying degrees

what comparative studies/correlations did Galton use to validate intelligence tests?

compared intelligence scores with real-life careers (based on questionnaire data)

what comparative studies/correlations did Galton use to quantify relationships?

applied statistical methods to comparative data

what is Galton’s word association method?

recurrent associations are not random, they are meaningfully linked to the forgotten past

what was the view of Galton and his followers on the criteria of intelligence?

fast information and quick response

what did Galton and his followers believe intelligence depended on?

hereditary talents

what was Binet and Wechsler’s view of the criteria of intelligence?

emphasis on logical and pragmatic reasoning

what did Binet and Wechsler believe intelligence depends on?

learning and age

what distinction did Cattell introduce?

fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence

what is fluid intelligence?

intelligence independent of learning

what is crystallized intelligence?

intelligence acquired through learning

how did Binet pre-test his intelligence tasks?

on pupils grouped by teachers as typical for age, relatively retarded, or relatively advanced

what was used to determine the mental age (MA) in the Binet-Simon test?

correct performance of tasks typical for the age group

what was the indicator of intelligence for the Binet-Simon test?

the mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA)

what was considered to be average intelligence by the Binet-Simon test?

mental age equal to chronological age

what was considered to be advanced intelligence by the Binet-Simon test?

mental age greater than chronological age

what was considered to be delayed intelligence by the Binet-Simon test?

mental age less than chronological age

what is William Stern’s IQ formula?

(MA/CA) x 100 = IQ

how did the Binet-Simon test become the Stanford-Binet Scale?

Louis Terman at Stanford further developed it and named it that

what did Wechsler find about IQ scores?

in the population, they follow a normal distribution within different age groups

what does it mean that IQ scores follow a normal distribution?

about 2/3 of people have an IQ between 85 and 115

what is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) designed for?

ages 16-74

what is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale Children (WISC) designed for?

children

what makes up the WAIS?

verbal scales and performance scales

what is included in the verbal scales of the WAIS?

comprehension, vocabulary, information, similarities, arithmetic, digit span

what is included in the performance scales of the WAIS?

object assembly, block design, picture completion, picture arrangement, digit symbol

what is done to the raw scores of the WAIS?

within each age group they are converted into scaled scores ranging from 1 to 19

what are the WAIS results reported as?

verbal IQ, performance IQ, general IQ

what skills in the Binet and Wechsler tests are shaped by school exposure?

vocabulary, arithmetic, general knowledge and comprehension

what did Raven create?

Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test

what is Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test?

intended as an intelligence test independent of schooling, focuses on non-verbal reasoning and pattern recognition, rather than language or academic knowledge

what is Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test used for?

commonly to assess fluid intelligence

what is factor analysis?

a statistical method used to identify patterns of correlation among different test scores

what does factor analysis help uncover?

underlying mental skills or traits, known as factors

what did Spearman introduce?

a mathematical definition of intelligence

what did Spearman propose?

the existence of a general intelligence factor called “g” which underlies performance across a wide range of cognitive tasks

what did Spearman identify?

specific abilities (“s” factors) that apply to tasks

what is Spearman’s g?

a hypothetical factor that accounts for the positive correlations among scores on different tests

what is Spearman’s s?

specific abilities required by a particular test

what was Thurstone’s view of intelligence?

a set of seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning

what were Vernon’s factors?

g, general intelligence, the major factor, with the two sub-factors V, verbal abilities, and P, practical abilities

how did Vernon form his theory?

revisited and redefined Galton’s theory of intelligence in terms of the inspection time needed to detect essential relationships between stimuli

what was Gardner’s view of intelligence?

8 types: linguistic, logical, mathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal

what was Guilford’s view of intelligence?

identified 150 factors or types of intelligence