[01.16] General Concepts in Microbiology 1 V2

Robert Hooke

Who discovered "little boxes" or "cells" and marked the beginning of Cell Theory?

Cell Theory

What theory states that all living things are composed of cells?

Micrographia

What was the title of Robert Hooke's book detailing his microscopic observations?

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Who was the Dutch merchant and amateur scientist credited as the first to observe live organisms, which he called "animalcules"?

Photomicrograph of red blood cells (RBCs)

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek create by observing blood through his self-made microscope?

Louis Pasteur

Who disproved spontaneous generation using the Swan neck flask experiment?

Spontaneous generation

What theory, disproved by Louis Pasteur, stated that life arose from non-living matter?

Bacteria or microbes came from the air or from particulate objects outside the environment

What did Louis Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask experiment prove was the source of life in previously sterile fluid?

Pasteurization

What process did Louis Pasteur discover to preserve wine by heating it to a certain temperature to kill bacteria?

Yeast cells

What did Louis Pasteur find in aged wine that converted sugar into alcohol through fermentation?

Bacteria

What did Louis Pasteur find in sour wine that converted alcohol into acetic acid?

Joseph Lister

Who created a methodology on aseptic techniques for surgery?

Surgical infections arose from microorganisms

What did Joseph Lister deduce about surgical infections based on Pasteur's work?

Using carbolic acid and washing hands

What two sterilization techniques did Joseph Lister implement prior to surgery?

Robert Koch

Who is known as the Father of Microbiology and the Father of Medical Microbiology?

Germ Theory of Disease

What theory did Robert Koch establish regarding the causation of infectious diseases?

The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease

What is the first of Koch's Postulates?

The microorganisms can be isolated from the tissues of the dead animal in a pure culture

What is the second of Koch's Postulates?

Inoculation of pure culture into a healthy susceptible or live animal species will result in the animal getting sick of the same disease

What is the third of Koch's Postulates?

The identical microorganisms are isolated in pure culture from lesions of the experimental animal

What is the fourth of Koch's Postulates?

Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture

What is an exception to Koch's Postulates, exemplified by Treponema pallidum?

Some diseases are caused by multiple pathogens

What is an exception to Koch's Postulates, shown by pneumonia being caused by different bacteria?

Some pathogens may cause multiple diseases

What is an exception to Koch's Postulates, illustrated by Haemophilus influenzae causing both pneumonia and meningitis?

The phenotype or property under investigation should be significantly associated with pathogenic strains of a species and not with nonpathogenic strains

What is the first of Koch's Molecular Postulates?

Specific inactivation of the gene(s) associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable decrease in pathogenicity or virulence

What is the second of Koch's Molecular Postulates?

Reversion or replacement of the mutated gene with the wild-type gene should lead to restoration of pathogenicity or virulence

What is the third of Koch's Molecular Postulates?

Virulence

What term describes the capacity of a microorganism to cause illness?

Angelina Fanny Hesse

Who was responsible for the addition of agar to culture media and the formulation of beef broth?

Mary Hunt

Who was part of Alexander Fleming's team and contributed to the discovery of penicillin?

251 strains

How many strains of Penicillium did Mary Hunt and her team establish existed?

Penicillium chrysogenum

What specific strain of Penicillium was identified as high yield in penicillin production?

Zone of inhibition

What area of no growth around a fungus on a bacterial culture plate was observed by Alexander Fleming?

Taxonomy

What is the science of identification, classification, and nomenclature?

Phylogeny

What is the study of relationships and evolutionary history of a group of organisms, based on DNA sequences?

Carl Woese

Who theorized that Small Subunits (SSU) of rRNA tie all living things together and unified phylogenetics for the three domains of life?

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

What does SSU of rRNA show that every organism came from?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Morphology

What was the sole basis for the initial "Tree of Life" classification into kingdoms?

Bacteria

Which domain of life is prokaryotic and lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Nucleoid

What is the correct term for the region where DNA is tightly packed in a prokaryotic cell?

Plasmids

What small, specialized genetic elements in bacteria can transfer traits like toxins or antimicrobial resistance?

Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes

What are four examples of bacterial phylogenetic lineages where many pathogenic species are found?

Archaea

Which domain of life is prokaryotic, consists of obligate anaerobes, and lives in extreme environments?

Halophiles

What type of Archaea is found in salty environments?

Thermococcus and Thermoproteus

What types of Archaea are found in high-temperature or low-temperature environments?

Eukarya

Which domain of life has true nuclei, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, and divides through mitosis?

Endosymbiosis Theory

What theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, Plasma membrane, Nucleoid

What four structures are present in all Bacteria and Archaea?

Capsule, Cell wall, Cell membrane

What are the layers of Bacteria and Archaea from outermost to innermost?

High selective permeability

What characteristic property does the bacterial plasma membrane possess?

Hydrophilic polar heads and Hydrophobic nonpolar tails

What two components make up the lipid bilayer of the bacterial plasma membrane?

Mycoplasma (M. pneumonia)

What is the exception to prokaryotes generally lacking sterols in their cell membranes?

Lipid monolayer

What type of lipid layer characterizes Archaeal plasma membranes, distinct from bacterial ones?

L-glycerol

What comprises the hydrophilic heads of archaeal phospholipids?

Branched isoprene units

What comprises the hydrophobic tails of archaeal phospholipids?

Ether linkages

What type of chemical bond is found in archaeal phospholipids?

D-glycerol

What comprises the hydrophilic heads of bacterial phospholipids?

Unbranched fatty acids

What comprises the hydrophobic tails of bacterial phospholipids?

Ester linkages

What type of chemical bond is found in bacterial phospholipids?

Protista

What is the umbrella term for unicellular eukaryotes?

Algae

What category of protists includes microscopic organisms like Dinoflagellates and Enteromorpha prolifera?

Dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax spp.)

What type of algae causes neurotoxic red tide algal blooms?

Cyanobacteria

What type of organism, formerly known as blue-green algae, is NOT classified as a protist?

Protozoans

What category of protists includes unicellular, non-photosynthetic heterotrophs like Amoeba and Flagellates?

Slime molds

What category of protists includes free-living cells and Plasmodium (an amoeboid mass)?

Fungi

What category of protists includes unicellular, non-photosynthetic organisms with branching hyphae (mycelium)?

Candida albicans

What dimorphic fungus commonly grows on immunocompromised patients as whitish plaques on the tongue?

Non-living microorganisms

What infectious microbial elements have no enzymes of their own and cannot replicate without a host?

Viroids

What non-living microorganisms consist of single-stranded RNA without a capsid and are non-pathogenic to humans?

Virus

What non-living microorganism consists of RNA or DNA enclosed in a capsid or protein coat and can infect animals, plants, or even bacteria?

Bacteriophage

What specific type of virus infects bacteria?

Prions

What proteinaceous infectious particles have no RNA or DNA, are not considered a virus or bacteria, and cause degenerative neural diseases?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow disease)

What prion disease in cows was caused by consuming sheep's offal?

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

What human prion disease is contracted by people who ate cattle infected with mad cow disease?

Kuru

What extinct prion disease was linked to cannibalism in a tribal group in Africa?

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

What cell, with a diameter of 10,000 nm, is used as a reference for comparing pathogen sizes?

Poliovirus

What is described as the smallest among the listed viruses, at 30 nm?

Bacterial ribosomes

What bacterial component is almost the same size as Poliovirus, at 25 nm?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the two major subdivisions of prokaryotes?

Less than 1 μm in diameter

What is the typical size of prokaryotes?

Lack nuclear membrane

What is a key structural difference of prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes regarding their nucleus?

Usually 1, circular

What is the typical number and topology of chromosomes in prokaryotes?

No

Do prokaryotes undergo mitotic division?

Yes

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall containing peptidoglycans?

No

Do prokaryotes typically have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Cytoplasm

Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotic cells?

70S

What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

No

Do prokaryotic cell membranes typically contain sterols?

Animals and plants

What are the two subdivisions of eukaryotes mentioned?

True nucleus

What is a key structural characteristic of eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?

Multiple, linear

What is the typical number and topology of chromosomes in eukaryotes?

Yes

Do eukaryotes undergo mitotic division?

No

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall containing peptidoglycans?

Yes

Do eukaryotes typically have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Cytoplasm, rER

Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotic cells?

80S

What is the size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Yes

Do eukaryotic cell membranes typically contain sterols?

Normal microbial flora of the body

What is the definition of the human microbiome?

10 trillion or 1 x 10^13

Approximately how many bacteria are estimated to live in the human body?

3:1

What was the ratio of microbes per human somatic cell in a 2014 study?