ULP MODULE 2 RDG 4: PATRON CLIENT POLITICS AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN SEA

patron-client relations

can be described as an exchange between roles and as a case of dyadic ties between a person of a high socioeconomic status who uses their power and influence with a person of a lower social class in exchange for mutually agreed benefits like loyalty and personal services

reciprocity, inequality, face to face, diffusion flexibility

features in the patron-client framework

reciprocity

mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges, the relation must mutually benefit

inequality

ties based on unequal status, making this as motivating factors for clients in the exchange of benefits

face to face

personal quality of the relationship, limits the number of direct active ties a single patron can have

diffuse flexibility

refers to multiplex relationships, "whole-person" relation- ships rather than explicit, impersonal-contract bond. such strong multiplex relation covers a wide range of potential exchanges

Horizontal model and primordial model

two models of conflict and association

horizontal model

conflict represented by Marxist thought, explains conflict within the modern sector of colonial nations

primordial model

helps explain the tension and conflict that has occurred in isolated groups that came into contact, competing for power, similar to the class model, but less organized. analyzes hostilities between more/less corporate and ascriptive cultural groupings

broker or middle man

serving as an intermediary to arrange an exchange between 2 parties who are not in direct contact

middleman

functions as an agent and does not control the thing (resources) transferred

broker

does have control on their resources, has their connections

patron

part of a 2 person exchange and operates w/ resources they own / directly control, usually political elites or clans because of their land holdings

boss

often functions as the patron, implies that they are the most powerful person in the political arena, and that their power rests on the inducements and sanctions at their disposal (arena or bailiwick).

cacique or caudillo

may act as a patron to several clients but typically relies heavily on forces, lacking traditional legitimacy to function as a patron. commonly used in Latin America

patron-client cluster

refers to the immediate following/clients directly tied to the patron (closeness can refer to proximity or relation)

patron-client pyramid

focuses on one person in the patron client link

resource base patronage

its patrons rely on their own knowledge and skills, have direct control of real property (has indirect control of office based property: doctors, lawyers, military chiefs, secular leaders) the patron expects a return in human resources-in the form of the strength of obligation and
the number of clients obligated to him

resource base of clientage

clients may provide labor services and economic support eg. rent-paying tenants, employees, military, fighting duties, political services

balance of affective and instrumental ties

play a major role in the patron client dyad, It is nonetheless possible to classify such dyads by the extent to which affective bonds are also involved in the relation- ship

balance of voluntarism and coercion

superior control over resources is used to gain the compliance of followers, the use of sanctions indicates a higher order power than the use of inducements. clients will do anything to meet the demands of the patron.

durability over time

Patron retains his clients if he continues to dominate the supply of services they need, the patron must be able to have control and provide such resources/services to their clients to maintain their loyalty

homogeneity of following

the proportion of one's supporters sharing social characteristics and the salience of those social characteristics to constitute a measure on how homogenous a following is (determines if supporters are the same classes/strata)

sanctions

threats to punish the client or to withdraw benefits he currently enjo

petty local leader

the typical patron in traditional Southeast Asia was a ______________

absentee landlords

the new urban wealthy, and minority communities

degree of monopoly over local resources

the patron has full control over local resources

degree of monopoly over links to other structures by a single patron

alliances of municipal mayors/governments

density of patron-client linkages in the population

clients of the patron on a given population, to determine population and where support is stronger

the extent of differentiation

refers to the different kinds of clients, differential is used in order to identify individual demands