BOT 14 - 4 - Euphyllophytes and Monilophytes

lateral roots; exarch; molecular apomorphy; megaphyllous

Euphyllophyta Apomorphies

• roots develop _________ instead of dichotomously branching

• roots have _________ protoxylem

• extant euphyllophytes have a _________, a 30-kilobase inversion located in the large single-copy region of chloroplast DNA

• leaves are _________ with associated leaf trace and leaf gaps

Siphonostele

It comprises a cylindrical vascular tissue that encloses the central pith and includes leaf gaps.

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Equisetopsida - O. Equisetales - F. Equisetaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Rhizomatous perennial herbs; the aerial shoots hollow, ridged, with siliceous epidermal cells and internal canals

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Equisetopsida - O. Equisetales - F. Equisetaceae

microphyllous is a type of plant leaf with one single, unbranched leaf vein.

Tracheophyte Diversity

leaves small, nonphotosynthetic, simple, microphyllous, and whorled

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Equisetopsida - O. Equisetales - F. Equisetaceae

Plants that are homosporous produce spores of the same size and also type. Heterosporous plants produce spores of two different sizes which are the larger spore called the megaspore, functioning as a female spore and the smaller spore known as the microspore that functions as a male spore.

Tracheophyte Diversity

Sporangia in terminal strobili, homosporous, several born underneath peltate (shield-shaped) sporangiophores; the spores with four, spatulate, hygroscopic elaters.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Equisetopsida - O. Equisetales - F. Equisetaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Represented by a single genera; used as ornamentals and for scrubbing pans)

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - O. Ophioglossales - F. Ophioglossaceae

Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns.

Tracheophyte Diversity

Homosporous, eusporangiate, perennial herbs; leaves simple to compound, bearing a stalked fertile segment containing eusporangia; the gametophytes are nonphotosynthetic.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - O. Ophioglossales - F. Ophioglossaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Represented by Botrychium (grape fern), Ophioglossum (adder’s tongue), Helminthostachys and Mankyua

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - Order Psilotales - Family Psilotaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Rootless, rhizomatous, perennial herbs; with unbranched or dichotomously branched photosynthetic stems

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - Order Psilotales - Family Psilotaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

the leaves lacking vasculature (enations) or with a single vein (microphyllous);

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - Order Psilotales - Family Psilotaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

sporangia 2- or 3-synangiate, born on a short lateral axis subtended by a bifid appendage, the gametophytes nonphotosynthetic and may contain mycorrhizal fungi.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Psilotopsida - Order Psilotales - Family Psilotaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Represented by Psilotum (whisk fern) and Tmesipteris

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Marattiopsida - O. Marattiales - F. Marattiaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Large, terrestrial ferns with mucilage canals; the stems with a polycyclic dictyostele;

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Marattiopsida - O. Marattiales - F. Marattiaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

the leaves generally large, simple to several-pinnate; with abaxial, intramarginal eusporangia, sometimes fused into synangia.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Marattiopsida - O. Marattiales - F. Marattiaceae

Tracheophyte Diversity

Represented by Marratia, Angiopteris, Danea and three other tree fern genera; some species are used as ornamentals.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

arborescent - resembling a tree in growth or appearance.

Tracheophyte Diversity

most have a horizontally-oriented stem (rhizome) which may grow under or upon the ground (terrestrial), on or in cracks of rocks (epipetric), on or in water (aquatic), or upon another plant (epiphytic).

some are arborescent, with a tall, erect, aerial stem, which in the tree ferns can attain heights of up to 20 meters (66 feet).

A few ferns are vines, with weak stems or with elongate, vine-like leaves that sprawl on the ground or upon another plant.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Tracheophyte Diversity

The stem anatomy of _____________ ferns can be diagnostic, either an ectophloic or amphiphloic siphonostele/solenostele, dictyostele, or protostele.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

The stem anatomy of leptosporangiate ferns can be diagnostic, either an ectophloic or amphiphloic siphonostele/solenostele, dictyostele, or protostele.

The stem anatomy of leptosporangiate ferns can be diagnostic, either an _________ or _________ _________ /solenostele, _________ , or _________.

frond; stipe

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

The leaf often called a ____________; the petiole is often called a ____________.

simple, pinnate, bipinnate, tripinnated or palmate

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Variations in leaf size and composition (e.g., ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________ or ____________) constitute the primary features in fern identification

circinate vernation; fiddleheads or croziers

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Leaves exhibit ____________, in which both major and minor axes or leaf divisions are coiled early in development and uncoil at maturity. The young, coiled leaves are known as ____________.

venation; pinnate; palmate

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

In most ferns the overall ____________ is usually ____________ (with a central vein giving rise to veinlets on either side), or less commonly ____________ (with more than one main vein arising from the base)

Open or free venation

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

____________ is that in which the veins arising from the midvein or base of a pinnule do not join back together

Reticulate or anastomosing venation

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

____________ is that in which the veins appear to join back together, forming a net-like “reticulum”, enclosing an area sometimes known as an areole

trichomes; scales

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Many leptosporangiate ferns have ____________ (hair-like structures) or ____________ (flattened, minute, leaf-like structures on the stem, shoot apex, petiole, or blade)

clathrate; nonclathrate

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Scales with the cell walls of adjacent cells (“anti clinal” walls) that are thick are termed ____________; those with thin anticlinal cell walls are ____________.

annulus

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Part of the wall of the sporangial body develops into a single row of specialized cells, collectively known as an ____________, in which the cell walls are differentially thickened on the inner cell face and on the faces between adjacent annular cells.

stomium

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Splitting or dehiscence typically occurring at a region of thin-walled cells called the ____________.

Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents.

sori; receptacle

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Leptosporangia are often aggregated into discrete clusters, known as ____________ which are attached to a common region called ____________.

indusium

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Sori are often covered by a flap of tissue arising from the blade surface known as an ____________ which may function to protect the young leptosporangia or to control the dispersal of spores

false indusium

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Some taxa lack an indusium, but have a reflexed extension of the blade margin called a ____________, which overlaps the sorus

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Class Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate Ferns

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Schizaeales - F. Lygodiaceae - climbing fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Leaves with twining/climbing rachises, alternately bearing pseudodichotomously-branching pinnae; leaf segments dimorphic,

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Schizaeales - F. Lygodiaceae - climbing fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

the sori at the tips of ultimate segments, each with only one sporangium covered by indusium-like flap

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Schizaeales - F. Lygodiaceae - climbing fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Represented by one genus Lygodium with 25 species

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Schizaeales - F. Lygodiaceae - climbing fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: use of the twining leaf rachis as a fiber/mat material

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Salviniales - F. Salviniaceae - floating fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Floating, aquatic herbs; the leaves simple, either in whorls of 3 (2 floating, 1 root-like) bearing water-repellent trichomes (Salvinia) or 2-ranked and 2-lobed, the upper lobes housing cyanobacteria (Azolla)

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Salviniales - F. Salviniaceae - floating fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

sori modified as sporocarps (sorus with the indusium functioning as protective wall), each bearing either one megaspore or several microspores; gametophyte endosporic

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Salviniales - F. Salviniaceae - floating fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

floating fern family - Represented by 2 genera and 16 species

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Salviniales - F. Salviniaceae - floating fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: Salvinia species used as cultivated ornamentals; Azolla used to control mosquitoes (by covering the water surface),

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Salviniales - F. Salviniaceae - floating fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: as animal fodder, and as a “seeded” addition to rice paddies, enhancing rice growth by release of nitrogen from symbiotic cyanobacteria (biofertilizer)

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Cyatheales - F. Cyatheaceae - scaly tree fern family

arborescent - resembling a tree in growth or appearance.

Tracheophyte Diversity

Mostly arborescent; the shoots generally covered with trichomes or scales; leaves very large, usually 1–3-pinnate leaves; the sori exindusiate or indusiate.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Cyatheales - F. Cyatheaceae - scaly tree fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

scaly tree fern family - Represented by 4 genera and 600+ species

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Cyatheales - F. Cyatheaceae - scaly tree fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: trunk for construction material; the starchy pith for animal food; some species are invasive weeds; several Cyathea species are important ornamental cultivars.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Aspleniaceae - spleenwort family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Terrestrial or epiphytic perennials; stems rhizomatous, bearing clathrate scales at shoot apices and petiole bases;

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Aspleniaceae - spleenwort family

Tracheophyte Diversity

leaves simple to multipinnate, often with small clavate (club-shaped) hairs, venation pinnate or forking, usually free; sori and indusia are elongate (linear) along veins.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Aspleniaceae - spleenwort family

Tracheophyte Diversity

• Represented by 10 genera with 700+ species

• Economic importance: ornamentals

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Polypodiaceae - polypod family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Usually epiphytic; the stems are rhizomatous, bearing scales; leaves are simple (unlobed to pinnatifid) to 1-pinnate (rarely more);

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Polypodiaceae - polypod family

Tracheophyte Diversity

• blades with hairs or scales; veins often anastomosing or reticulate; sori round, oblong, or elliptic, rarely elongate or acrostichoid, exindusiate.

• Represented by 56 genera and 1200+ species
  
  

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Polypodiaceae - polypody family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: ornamentals, including species of Drynaria and Platycerium (basket/staghorn ferns, all with dimorphic leaves, the basal leaves sterile, clasping, and humus-collecting)

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Pteridaceae - pteroid fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

• Rhizomes creeping to erect, bearing scales or hairs; leaves are simple, pinnate, bipinnate or palmate; veins free or anastomosing; sori are exindusiate, either marginal with a false indusium formed by a reflexed marginal flap or intramarginal in lines along veins.

• Represented by 50 genera and 950 species
  
  

  

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms

Euphyllophytes - D. Monilophyta - C. Polypodiopsida - O. Polypodiales - F. Pteridaceae - pteroid fern family

Tracheophyte Diversity

Economic importance: ornamentals, such as Adiantum (maidenhair ferns), Pellaea and Pteris. Pteris vittata has recently been used to remove arsenic from toxic landfills.

On top of the class also provide the family.

• Euphyllophytes

  • Monilophytes or Ferns (Division Monilophyta)

    • Horsetails (Class Equisetopsida)

    • Whisk Ferns and Ophioglossoid Ferns (Class Psilotopsida)

    • Marattioid Ferns (Class Marattiopsida)

    • Leptosporangiate Ferns (Class Polypodiopsida) -

  • Spermatophytes (Division Spermatophyta)

    • Gymnosperms

    • Angiosperms