Bio midterm

molecule

group of atoms bonded together

polar

having electrical or magnetic polarity

cohesion

the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

solvent

able to dissolve other substance

solute

substance that is dissolved by another substance

organic

produced by/derived from living organisms

inorganic

containing no carbon or hydrogen

monosaccharide

simple sugar

polysaccharide

long chains of carbohydrate molecules

amino acid

basic building block of proteins

polypeptide

continuous unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

lipid

-fatty, waxy, or oily compounds

-long term energy storage, cushions organs

-elements: H, C, O

-usually not soluble in water

monomer

a molecule that can be bonded another identical molecules to form a polymer

what are examples of monomers?

simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

polymer

a molecular structure made of similar units bonded together

what are examples of polymers?

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

hydrolysis

chemical breakdown of a compound due to addition/reaction of water

dehydration synthesis

2 molecules combined after release of water

atom

basic unit of matter

what is the outer ring of an electron called?

valence shell

atomic number = ?

of protons or electrons

atomic mass = ?

of protons + neutrons

ionic bond

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

ion

atoms that have either gained or lost electrons

what type of charges attract?

opposite (positive and negative)

covalent bond

formed when electrons are shared between atoms, the electron(s) spends time traveling around the nuclei of both atoms

adhesion

water molecules stick to other materials

surface tension

water molecules stick together which causes it to have a thin "skin"

capillary action

ability for water to move upward against gravity

a carbohydrate molecule is shaped like a...

ring

a lipid molecule looks like...

flag and usually has a carbon backbone

glucose makeup?

C6H12O6 *1:2:1*

protein structure consists of...

variable R side chain, carboxylic acid group, and amine group

nucleic acid structure

has a phosphate group, nitrogen base that changed from A, T, C, G

two different types of nucleic acid:

RNA and DNA

unsaturated vs saturated

-unsaturated: double bonds present between carbons, liquid

-saturated: no double bonds, solid, bad for you

element

same type of atom

compound

2 or more atoms

carbohydrate

-main source of energy

-used for structural purposes

proteins

-main different types with different functions

-ex: enzymes

starch

polysaccharide found only in plants that stores excess glucose

glycogen

polysaccharide only found in animals that helps store excess glucose (breaks down into glucose if body is running low)

cellulose

stringy, fibrous material in cell wall

building blocks for lipids:

3 fatty acid tails and glycerol

function of nucleic acid

store and transmit genetic info

independent variable

variable that does not depend on a different variable

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment

constant

variable that does not change

control group

group in an experiment that is not exposed to independent variable

dependent variable goes on the...

y-axis

independent variable goes on the...

x-axis

hypothesis structure:

if.. then... because

title of experiment structure:

the effect of... on...

nucleus

*control center of the cell and stores DNA*

-contains nucleolus

-not found in prokaryotes

-plants and animals

nucleolus

*found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes*

-plant and animals

ribosomes

*makes proteins*

-plants, animals, bacteria

endoplasmic reticulum

*a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another*

-smooth vs rough: rough has ribosomes

-plants and animals

lysosomes

*uses enzymes to digest old organelles*

-programmed cell death

-only animals

mitochondria

-where aerobic respiration takes place

-powerhouse of the cell (ATP producer)

-plants and animals

golgi apparatus

-ships proteins to final destination

-works with ER to prepare materials for release

-destination of vesicles carrying proteins

-processes and packages substances for export

-plants and animals

cytoplasm

*gelatin-like substance that contains organelles*

-plants, animals, and bacteria

vacuole

*may store food, water, or metabolic waste*

-plants and animals

cell membrane

*a selectively permeable structure made of a mosaic of proteins and lipids that allows certain molecules in and out of the cell*

-membrane bound organelles found only in eukaryotic cells

-plants, animals, and bacteria

cystoskeleton

*involved in cell structure and support*

-"framework" that gives mechanical support and maintains shape

-plants, animals, and bacteria

cell wall

*rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and bacteria that is thicker than cell membrane*

-plants and bacteria

chloroplasts

-contains green pigment

-site of photosynthesis (converts energy of sun into chemical energy)

-only plants

flagella

*whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement*

-only bacteria

centriole

*structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division to make new cells*

-only in animals