McLean Brainstem

medial longitudinal fasciculus - coordinates

eye and head movements

medial longitudinal fasciculus - axons

abducens nucleus project to the contralateral medial rectus motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus

medial longitudinal fasciculus - route of descent

medial vestibulospinal tract

lesions of - corticospinal tract

spastic weakness contralateral and below the lesion

increased tone and reflexes

lesions of - spinothalamic tract

pain and temp loss contralateral

lesions of - medial lemniscus

loss of touch, vibration, conscious proprioception contralateral

reticular formation of brainstem functions

somatic motor

cardioresp

pain modulation

sleep and consciousness

somatic motor function - gaze center

eye movements - horizontal gaze and saccades

somatic motor function - pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts

posture and locomotion

somatic motor function - central pattern generators

produce rhythmic signals to the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing.

cardiorespiratory center - neurons

Neurons in the **caudal** part of the **solitary nucleus**

cardiorespiratory center - receptors

chemoreceptors - CO2 and O2

baroreceptors - blood pressure

stretch receptors - lungs

pain modulation

can block nociceptive inputs

Ascending Reticular Activating system

connected nuclei that are responsible for regulating wakefulness, sleep-wake transition and attention

cranial nerves - special efferent

skeletal muscle of branchiomeric origin

5,7,9,10,11

cranial nerves - special afferent

fibers tongue, larynx, pharynx for taste

7,9,10

8 mediates audition and balance

most cranial nerves innervate

innervate ipsilateral structures

oculomotor nerve function

move eyeball

elevate eyelid

PLR

abducens nucleus contains interneurons that

project to contralateral oculomotor nucleus

hypoglossal nerve - innervates

ipsilateral tongue muscles

what happens if the hypoglossal nerve?

tongue deviates to the toward the damaged side

function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

audition and balance

vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction

head tilt

deafness

loss of balance

nystagmus

strabismus

how many cranial nerves live in the brainstem?

9 - olfactory, optic and oculomotor dont

what tract is in the cerebral peduncles?

corticospinal/bulbar/pontine

basilar pons is home to what?

pontine nuclei

tracts in the brainstem (main)

corticospinal

spinothalamic

medial lemniscus