PY 213 Cross Cultural Perspectives on Child Development Flashcards

Culture

The total pattern of a group's customs, attitudes, values, behaviors, and beliefs, which are shared from one generation to another.

Developed Countries

Economically developed or affluent countries comprising $1.3\text{ billion}$ people, which represents $20\%$ of the total world population.

Developing Countries

Countries with less wealth experiencing rapid growth, comprising $6.3\text{ billion}$ people, which represents $80\%$ of the total world population.

Individualism

A cultural value system common in developed countries (such as the U.S., Canada, Australia, Germany, and France) that values independence, self-expression, and personal goals over group goals.

Collectivism

A cultural value system common in developing countries (such as Japan, Africa, South America, and Pacific Islands) that values obedience, group harmony, and group goals over individual goals.

Majority Culture

The cultural group that sets most of the standards and norms and holds most positions of power, including political, economical, intellectual, and media power.

Minority Culture

A cultural group whose members share characteristics like race, ethnicity, religion, or language.

Contexts

Settings such as family, friends, school, work, neighborhood, media, and religion that can contribute to variation in pathways of child development.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Social class position based on education level, income level, and occupational status.

Ethnicity

A group identity that may include cultural origin, traditions, race, religion, and language.

Gender

A social construct of norms, behaviors, and roles that vary among cultures.

Cisgender

Describing an individual whose gender identity is aligned with the sex given at birth.

Transgender

Describing an individual whose gender identity differs from the sex given at birth.

Non-binary

Describing a gender identity that does not fit into the binary classification of man or woman.

Agender

Describing an individual who does not identify as any gender.

Child Development

The scientific study of changes and constancy from prenatal development to adolescence across physical, emotional, social, and cognitive domains.

Charles Darwin

19th-20th century figure who shaped child development through his work on natural selection.

Alfred Binet

19th-20th century pioneer who shaped the study of child development through intelligence testing.

Arnold Gesell

19th-20th century developmental investigator who shaped child development by establishing norms of development.

G. Stanley Hall

leader of child study

Freud

psychosexual theory

Baldwin & Piaget

cognitive development theories

Erickson

psychosocial theory

Prenatal (period of development)

conception at birth

Infancy (period of development)

Birth - 12 months

Toddlerhood (period of development)

1-3 years

early childhood (period of development)

3-6 years

middle childhood (period of development)

6-9 years

early adolescence (period of development)

10-14 years

late adolescence (period of development)

15-18 years

Nature

knowledge In skills that are biologically given (Inborn). Based on genetic inheritance

Nurture

knowledge shaped by environmental influences, physical and social

Naturalistic (systematic observation)

behavior happens in field or natural environment

structured (systematic observation)

Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior of interest

Clinical (interviews)

flexible, conversation style

structured (interviews)

each participant is as the same question

Correlation (research designs)

can NOT say one variable causes other to happen

independent variable

Manipulated, expected to cause changes in other variable

dependent variable

Measured expected to be influenced by other variable

cross-sectional

People of all ages are all study at the same time

longitudinal

same participants are followed repeatedly in overtime and data is collected on Two or more occasions

ethnographic research

Involves spending extensive time among the people being studied. Allows researchers to learn daily behaviors.

nomothetic

What is universal?

idiographic

How are individuals unique?

sociocultural

How do we get information of cultural groups?

ethnocentrism

Way of thinking about the world that centers one’s own culture, typically thinking it’s better

stereotype

Belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group

Germinal or zygote period

Weeks 0 to 2, conception

embryo period

Weeks 3 to 8, most rapid development occurs (organogenesis), most vulnerable teratogens

fetus period

weeks 9 to 38/40 , Rolls from ¼ of an ounce and 1 inch to 7 ½ pounds and 20 inches. Refinement of all organ systems

Blastocyst

specialization of sales needed to support development (100 cells).

placenta

Allows oxygen and nutrients to reach baby

umbilical cord

Connects To the placenta, remove removes waste)

yolk sack

Produces blood cells until embryo organs can do so

Organogenesis week 3

Neural tube

organogenesis week 4

eyes, nose, mouth

organogenesis week 5

buds that will become limbs (arms and legs)

organogenesis week 6

Brainwave activity

organogenesis weak 7

why chromosome directs development of penis with testosterone. (Gender of baby forms)

organogenesis week 8

Liver and spleen began to function (Yolks no longer needed). Chambers of the heart formed

Vernix

protective film for skin, Protects from amniotic fluid. Forms during period of fetus

age of Viability

22 - 26 weeks (baby can survive outside of womb

sensitive periods and prenatal development

Central nervous system (Brain and spinal) Vulnerable through most of pregnancy after germinal period / period of zygote

rural Mexico

Rely on midwife and doctor, massage to position, baby. Recommends mother have no activity.

Botswana

rely solely on doctors, encourage activity of mother

Beng West Africa

infant massage with oil, avoid eating meat from bush, back to prevent baby being born with stripes

Indonesia - Bali

Avoid eating mango. other “hot foods” Are avoided due to possible impact on bodily function.

Won’t accept food from someone, spiritually unclean (Includes menstruating women, or if someone has had a recent death in the family)

Believe witches are drawn to pregnant women…they wear certain charms to wear them off

Australia

avoid animals with spiked body parts

most common teratogen in developed countries

smoking

most common teratogen worldwide

Malnutrition

Ikung Africa

mothers give birth in isolation unassisted

Onitsha Igbo of Nigeria

pregnancy (3rd trimester) seen as illness. Treated verbally by doctors, recommended foods and soups

Ngoni of Africa

Men should have no parts in pregnancy, must leave and take his belongings during labor

Latin America

massage practices to guide baby down. Cloth to bind top of abdomen.

Manus of Guinea

couple must confess hidden anger’s w each other for pregnancy to happen smoothly. Mom is to drink hot coconut soup during labor

Zuni Indians

Give birth on a bed of sand covered in sheepskin to simulate mother earth

India

Budded flower placed by mother’s head during labor. as flower opens , cervix displayed / opens

Philippines

Key and comb

Key under pillow : opens cervix

comb: untangle umbilical cord

southeast Asia

all doors and windows open to help open cervix

Zia if New Mexico

father food eatables feather into burned ashes, draws downward on belly to house baby down. throws ashes in all directions then prays. Sister places ear of corn by moms head, blows to help prayer be heard

Cuna Indians Of Panama

call their religious leader, also known as a shaman to sing baby out in case of complications