Bio- Exam 1

Anything that has mass and occupies space is considered to be

Matter

Where does all matter come from?

Stars

3 Forms of matter are?

Solids, Liquids, Gases

What is the smallest mass?

An electron

An atomic nucleus has protons and neutrons and is positively charged?

True

Corp-

Body

Gastro-

Stomach/Belly

Osteo-

Bone

Thorac-

Chest

Arthro-

Bone

Do all atoms have neutrons in their nuclei?

No

Describe an electron

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge

An elements atomic number is determined by the number of

Protons

On periodic table, elements are organized by

Atomic number within rows

The number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by

Subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

Are neutrons meaningless because they do not have a charge/mass, so its like they don’t exist

False

When diagramming an atom the intermost shell is filled with how many electrons?

Two

Atoms tend to have properties according to the fact that how many electrons is the optimal number in their outer (valence) shell. (Octet rule)

8

Two atoms that differ only in the number of neutrons they contain are known as

Isotopes

Do all isotopes of a given element have the same atomic mass?

No/False

Two chemicals that have the same chemical characteristics but different atomic masses are considered

Isotopes

Another name for the outer electron shell of an atom is the?

Valence shell

The number of electrons that would fill an atoms outer shell and make it nonreactive is

8

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has

lost or gained an electron

An anion is an ion with a what charge?

Negative

A cation is an ion with a what charge?

Positive

Ionic bonds involve what?

Electrostatic interactions between anions and cations

Covalent bods are

Two nonmetal atom that share the same elements (they cooperate hence CO)

Do ionic compounds involve ionic bonds between their atoms that are usually between a metal and a nonmetal or a polyatomic ion and another element?

True

do covalent compounds involve atoms that are covalently bonded to each other ad are always between two or more nonmetals or a metalloid and a nonmetal?

False ( remember same element)

What are the four most common elements in the body?

CHON! (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)

When two atoms with different electronegativity share electrons a polar covalent bond is formed?

Yes

In the human body do we find both ionic and covalent compounds?

Yes

Fatty acids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen, so fatty acids are?

Nonpolar = Hydrophobic (they don’t dissolve in water)

Molecules that make up cells and tissues of living things are made up of the same elements as what they eat?

Yes

The four primary biomolecules that make up living organisms are

-Carbohydrates

-Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA)

-Protein

-Fatty acids

All of them polymers mind you

Ionic bonds are?

Metal atoms that donates electron to nonmetal atoms

Metallic bonds are?

Electrons move freely between metal atoms

What are polymers?

Biomolecule made up of repeating subunits linked together to form chains and sheets

If covalent bonds are nonpolar it means?

Shares electrons equally

If covalent bonds are polar that maeans?

They don’t share electrons equally

What is the primary structure of protein?

Individual amino acids linked together

Electronegativity means?

Ability of atomic/ion to attract electrons to itself (Attractiveness)

How to read electronegativity on the periodic table?

Further right on the table = greater electronegativity same with the further you go.

Left and down = less electronegativity

How to read atomic size on periodic table?

It is the opposite of electronegativity.

The size of the atom increases going towards the left and down

The size decreases moving right and up

How to read reactivity on periodic table?

If it is a metal down and left will increase reactivity

If its a non-metal the reactivity increases up to the right

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Covalent, Metallic, and ionic

What is the force that will hold ionic bonds together?

Electrostatic attraction (this is the attraction between negative and positive like magnets)

What are characteristics of living things?

-Respiration/gas exchange

-React to external stimuli

-Reproduction

-Homeostasis (Can control its internal environment)

-Organization

The most important characteristic of living things is

Autopoiesis (The act of self making)

Why is life made of carbon?

Carbon is the easiest atom to bond with (Its a versatile Lego piece) Has four places to hook onto

What causes death of stars (explosion)

Iron

The four tissues in human body in order

• Epilletal tissue (like lips, cheeks, nose outer layer)

• Connective tissue (CT, this is the MOST diverse tissue in human body)

• Muscular tissue (Can expand/contract/movement)

• Nervous system (This is the MOST complex tissue)

(Every Cat Makes Noise ECMT)

What properties do metals have that non-metal dont?

They conduct heat and electricity.

(Mettaloids can conduct heat and electricity slowly)

The smallest, living component in all living things is a

Cell

Species is

Set of animal/plants, individuals that have similar characteristics to each other

Population is

Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Community area is

Interacting populations in a particular area

Ecosystem is

A community and the environment that contains it

Biosphere is

Regions of the earth crust inhabited

Which biological level of organization is described as similar cells performing similar (or the same) functions?

Tissue level

The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called?

Metabolism

Is a molecule made up of a combination of two or more atoms

True

Describe organization of structures

Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles, and molecules.

All life on planet is dependent on photosynthesis for oxygen and fuel molecules

True

All life on this planet can be categorized into 6 different kingdoms, the 6 kingdoms can be grouped by 3 domains, which are?

• Archaea

• Bacteria

• Eukaryotes

Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissue?

Histology

What are the three parts that make up phosolipids?

Phosphate, Glycerol, Fatty acid (lipid)

Which part on the phospholipid is polar and nonpolar?

They have polar heads (Hydrophilic- like water) and nonpolar tails (Hydrophobic)

What is plasma membrane made out of?

Phosolipids

What is the cell theory?

All life is made out of cells or is a cell, they can only come from existing cells

What organs do we have that cells don’t have?

Reproductive organs

What is the difference between Bacteria and Archae (Prokaryotes) VS Protoza, Fungi, Plants,, and animals (Eukaryotes)

Bacteria and Archae are tiny have no nucleus, no mitochondria, no endo

What is endocytosis?

where a cells membrane folds inwards, the plasma membrane covers and wraps around it. When eating.

What is the piece of evidence that supports the endosymbiosis theory (How the mitochondria came to be)

It is double membrane, the inner looks like bacteria while the outer looks like a humans outer membrane.

What kingdom of life does Mitochondria come from?

Bacteria

Why and how do Mitochondria generate power?

In the form of ATP (Biomolecule) they eat 2 or 3 carbon carbs then takes that energy and puts it in ATP (Which can be used in any cell)

What gets repeated three times on the ATP structure? (Know the structure for exam)

The three phosphate groups get repeated

(The structure of ATP is identical to Nucleotide, ATP has more P’s)

The main difference between a nucleotide and a RNA?

ATP has 3 phosphates

How do mitochondria generate energy for cells?

Cellular respiration (CR) - taking food molecules eaten and breaking it further down and putting it in ATP

what unit of measurement is often used to measure cell size

Micrometer

What is cytoplasma

all the cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

The fluid contained in the nucleus is called the

nucleoplasm

Another name for intracellular fluid is?

cystol/cystolplasmic matrix ( which is the fluid within the cell)

What is part of the cytoplasm

Cystol, organelles, Inclusions

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles?

True, their enclosed by a single lipid bilayer membrane

What is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell

plasma membrane