Com 204 Midterm Purdue

Criticism

Careful attention to a text; not taking things at face value; can be positive

Argument

Course of reasoning is a case in favor for or against something; includes a thesis (true/valid = sound)

Text

Any form of communication that can be studied ( ex: painting, speech, movie)

Transcendent "we"

Having everyone feel like they are united/together using language that is inclusive (we, us, our) *most important of the 4 identifications appeals

Tenor and Vehicle

A metaphor to compare two things

Tenor

helps carry the metaphor EX: War is hell - Tenor: War and Vehicle: Hell

Orientational metaphor

relate directions (up, down) with emotions, carries along the tenor Ex: Happy is up (smile) and Sad is down (frown) Ex: Cheer up, Walking on cloud 9

Rhetoric

Strategic use of language and symbols Ex: silence, texts, symbols

Sophists

First people to use rhetoric, made themselves hire-able as a result didn't have a good reputation, viewed at unethical.

Sophists

Greeks who sold services to people who had to take people to court; gave speeches in the court in order to "defend the defenseless"; used words to convince anyone of anything; rhetoric as a business opportunity; (sophistry is fancy language that covers up)

Plato

Born in 1427 B.C into wealth and taught Socrates, people thought he was a bad influence on the youth and was executed, As a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates' student, was very critical of rhetoric

Dialectic

Way to tell the truth, plays used this writing, why Plato does not like rhetoric, The art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions.

Aristotle

Student of Plato and taught Alexander the Great, wrote a Rhetoric Manual

Aristotle

He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception.

Chiasmus

A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases that create new meaning EX: Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country

Cicero

Roman philosopher believed 3 things necessary to make rhetoric successful Talent (intelligence), Training, and Practice.

Consubstantiality

refers to oneness, coexistence, being of the same substance.

Gorgias

Voice were hearing Plato, purpose was to explain Plato's judgement of rhetoric, manipulate people to think/believe

Gorgias

"Argument is war." So much apart of how we communicate

Augustine

Bishop that wrote rhetoric, believed that rhetoric needs to be wise, and that people are too worried about style

Augustine

who said "Time is money."

Syllogism

All Purdue students are smart, Jim is a Purdue Student, Jim must be smart

Kenneth Burke

he had 3 main principles about being relatable and they were identification, consubstantiation, and humanization

Identification

perceived sameness

Consubstantiation

perceived sameness in a very deep level

Humanization

being relatable

Enthymeme

an argument where one premise is not stated

Rhetorical situation

Made up of an issue, a medium, and an audience

Dialogue

Take part in a conversation or discussion to resolve a problem.

Experience/knack/flattery

plato used to make fun of rhetoric, had trivial/ party tricks,

Gorgias

in this, Socrates refers to knacks as part of flattery, which defines flattery as "a Shrewd, gallant spirit which has a natural bent for clever dealing with mankind."

Gorgias' translation of flattery

This translation indicates that flattery entails knowledge: either it is knowledge on how to manage mankind, or it is whatever knowledge is required for clever dealings with mankind.

Exigency

an urgent need or demand

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Invitational rhetoric

an invitation to understanding as a means to create a relationship rooted in equality, imminent value, and self-determination.

Invitational rhetoric

Ex: A social media post featuring a product someone is trying to sell.

Metonymy

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for the thing meant.

metonymy

Suit for business executive or the track for horse racing, brown for UPS, white house stands for the government

Selected instances

Broad generalization or hasty generalization

selected instances

Ex: I have never met a student who wasn't a nerd, so Sue must be a nerd

Artistic proofs

Ethos, Logs, Pathos

Ethos

Ethical proof

Logos

Logical proof

Pathos

Emotional proof

Inatristic proof

are factual, uncontrollable appeals.

inartistic proof

Ex: evidence or location of a speech

Artistic proof

Ethos, pathos, logos

Red herrings

Something that is or is intended to be misleading or distracting

Redherrings

Ex: When you are late getting home past curfew you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather.

4

how many types of identification are there?

Pooh-poohing

reasoning error where trying to dismiss an argument by not responding to it.

3

there are ___ Species/divisions of rhetoric

Organizational rhetoric

the new reality of rhetoric, it simplifies our lives, but its harder to nail down who is in charge of the problem.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

"after the fact, therefore because of that fact"

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Ex: I got an A on my exam when I chewed gum, so now everytime I chew gum during an exam I will get an A.

Straw person

talking about opposition in a foolish, unreasonable way

Conduit metaphors

ideas or objects used in the ways of communication.

Thesis

Condense form of an argument

Criticism

careful attention to a text; not taking things at face value; can be positive

Argument

is a case in favor for or against something; includes a thesis

Text

some communication artifact or sample that we can study; has some motive

Transcendent "we"

having everyone come together and feel like they are apart of something

Tenor and vehicle

in metaphor the two things being compared

Orientational metaphors

spatically related like up and down and left and right

Rhetoric

the strategic use of language or other symbols

Sophists

Greeks who sold services to people who had to take people to court; gave speeches in the court in order to "defend the defenseless"; used words to convince anyone of anything; rhetoric as a business opportunity; (sophistry is fancy language that covers up)

Plato

as a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates' student, was very critical of rhetoric

dialectic

the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions.

Aristotle

He believed all peoples' concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Taught Alexander the Great

Cicero

Roman philospher

Gorgias

piece written by Plato, Sophist

Augustine

First Cristian philospher, very focused on religion

Syllogism

an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs ).

enthymeme

an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated.

dialogue

take part in a conversation or discussion to resolve a problem.

experience/knack/flattery

what plato viewed as rhetoric

metaphor

a figure of speech that describes a relationship

metonymy

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing. The "pen" stands in for "the written word."

Artistic proofs (3)

ethos, pathos, logos

Ethos

credibility

Pathos

Emotional Appel

Logos

Logical Appeal

red herrings

fallacy; things that look like arguments but only distract from the real argument; usually emotional in nature

pooh-poohing

fallacy; reasoning error where trying to dismiss an argument by not responding to it

form

creation and satisfaction of an appetite in reader, repeated enjoyment. ex.) sitcoms, the new yorkers, music

post hoc, ergo propter hoc

fallacy; "After the fact, therefore because of the fact."; superstitions

conduit metaphor

people speak or write as if they "insert" their mental contents (feelings, meanings, thoughts, concepts, etc.) into "containers" (words, phrases, sentences, etc.)

chiasmus

is the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point; that is, the clauses display inverted parallelism.

consubstantiality

refers to oneness, coexistance, being of the same substance.

"Argument is war"

metaphor

"Time is Money"

time has worth metaphor

Kenneth Burke

most important rhetorical theorist of 20th centry, connected literary criticism with rhetorical, argued for balance between form and info

rhetorical situation

a defect/ problem that rheotic can rrespond too

invitational rhetoric

rhetoric which is grounded in the feminist principles of equality, immanent value, and self-determination.

exigency

an urgent need or demand

selected instances

fallacy; a reasoning error where an example or evidence is not typical

nonartistic proofs

quoting what others have said: laws, witnesses, contracts, or oaths.

identification

audience based, compensates for and requires division

association

same interest, share a common ground, congregation

disassociation

same enemy, identification through antithesis, segregation