Staining Techniques

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Last updated 8:40 AM on 6/24/26
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23 Terms

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Staining
Application of dyes to increase visibility and contrast of microorganisms.
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Simple Staining
Staining technique that uses a single dye to visualize cell shape and arrangement.
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Positive Staining
Staining technique in which dye binds directly to microbial cells.
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Negative Staining
Staining technique in which dye stains the background rather than the cells.
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Differential Staining
Staining technique that uses multiple dyes to distinguish different microorganisms.
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Structural Staining
Differential staining technique used to visualize specific cellular structures.
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Endospore Staining
Structural staining technique used to differentiate endospores from vegetative cells.
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Endospore
Dormant survival structure produced by certain bacteria under harsh conditions.
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Gram Staining
Differential staining technique used to distinguish Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Gram-Variable Reaction
Inconsistent Gram stain reaction caused by physiological damage or aging of cells.
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Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains the primary stain.
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Gram-Negative Bacteria
Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that do not retain the primary stain after decolorization.
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Teichoic Acids
Cell wall polymers of Gram-positive bacteria that bind divalent metal ions.
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Major outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Primary Stain
First dye applied in a staining procedure.
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Crystal Violet
Primary stain used in Gram staining.
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Mordant
Substance that enhances retention of a stain by forming a complex with the dye.
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Gram's Iodine
Mordant used in Gram staining.
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Decolorizer
Agent used to remove stain from certain cells during differential staining.
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95% Ethanol
Decolorizing agent used in Gram staining.
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Counterstain
Secondary stain applied after decolorization to visualize unstained cells.
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Safranin
Counterstain used in Gram staining.
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Heat Fixation
Process of killing microorganisms and attaching them to a microscope slide.