Taxonomy and Systematics

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24 Terms

1
Taxonomy
The science that identifies, names, and classifies new species.
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2
Carolus Linnaeus
The first modern practitioner of taxonomy (1707-1778).
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3
Binomial Nomenclature
A system introduced by Linnaeus where species are given a unique two-part name consisting of the genus and specific epithet.
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4
Specific epithet
The second part of a species' binomial name, which follows the genus (e.g., canadensis in Castor canadensis).
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5
Taxonomic hierarchy
The classification system that organizes species into successive levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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6
Systematics
The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships, both extinct and modern.
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7
Taxon
Each group at any level of the taxonomic hierarchy.
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8
Monophyletic taxa
Groups that include one ancestral species and all of its descendants.
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9
Homologous Characters
Traits that result from common ancestry and indicate evolutionary relationships.
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10
Analogous Characters (Homoplasies)
Traits that are phenotypically similar but do not result from common ancestry; they evolved independently.
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11
Convergent Evolution
The evolution of similar adaptations in distantly related organisms that occupy similar environments.
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12
Synapomorphies
Shared derived characters that are useful for determining evolutionary relationships.
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13
Outgroup comparison
A method used to identify derived characters by comparing with a less related group.
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14
Molecular Clocks
Estimates of evolutionary time based on mutations in noncoding regions of DNA.
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15
Principal of Parsimony
The preferred hypothesis is the simplest explanation for all characters and their states.
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16
Cladistics
The study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships.
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17
Branch Point
The point in a cladogram where two species diverge based on shared derived characters.
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18
Phylogenetic Trees
Diagrams that depict the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
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19
Characters States
Distinct features of organisms that can be ancestral or derived.
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20
Polarity of Characters
Determined by examining fossil evidence or outgroup comparisons.
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21
Paraphyletic Taxa
Taxa that contain an ancestor and some, but not all, descendants.
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22
Polyphyletic Taxa
Taxa that include species from separate lineages and are not used in systematics.
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23
Homoplasies
Phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in different lineages.
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24
Cladogram
A phylogenetic tree that represents the evolutionary pathways among species.
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