motivation & wellbeing

motivation

conscious/unconscious state that drives behaviour towards goal. bio/primary drives & psych needs

characteristics:

• goal directed behaviours

• varies over time

• varies behaviour until succeeds

sources of motivation

physiological

cognition

emotion

social

physiological source of motivation

• Innate/bio to survive, homeostasis (internal balance) 

• Drive reduction theory = desire to reduce internal tensoin (‘off’ feeling to survive 

cognition source of motivation

• Behave due to active processing/interpretation of info 

• Perceptions, beliefs of own abilities, expectations of other’s response 

emotion source of motivatoin

• Arousal states that signal important events (achieving something) 

• Drive to achieve goals & show our dreams 

• Positive (travel so money) negative (nervous so study) 

social source of motivation

• Family/society/culture, adopt to reach social needs/desires shown thru thoughts/behaviours 

• Achievement motive = desire to succeed thru actions even difficult tasks (meet other’s expectations) 

• Affiliation motive = desire to belong somewhere (for bio and comfort) 

self determination

ability to manage self, make confident choices & think on own 

• People intrinsically (inherently) motivated by satisfying needs (RAC). When met -> SD 

2 factors of SD

1. your inherent growth tendencies

2. your innate psych needs

SD theory (?)

Deci & Ryan

How ppl meet goals to satisfy show motivation type. focus on internal sources of motivation. spectrum

assumptions

1. need for growth drives behaviour where mastering challenges is essential to develop strong sense of self 

2. Autonomous motiva & experiencing intrinsic motiva & gain knowledge/independence makes strong sense of self 

wellbeing

1. Autonomy is critical to SD behaviour.  

2. satisfying needs relates to wellbeing 

psych needs for motivation

autonomy, competence, relatedness

autonomy

• ability to feel in control of own behaviour/destiny. Self-initiation/self-regulation of behaviour & make own decisions. 

• ^ when given choice & able to govern behaviour & feelings acknowledged. V if threatened/controlled/deadlines. 

• Tangible rewards reduce autonomy. If offered extrinsic reward for intriniscally motiva behaviour, autonomy v 

competence

• sufficient qualities to perform task. Able to interact effectively w/ environ & skills to succeed goals. Knowledge + skills + attitude 

•  v if too hard or neg feedback 

• ^ if task’s demand macthes skills & pos feedback 

relatedness

• feel attached to other’s/belonging/closeness to group. Need to have help/support of SD 

• ^ if respected/cared/included 

• V competition/cliques/criticism 

cognitive evaluatoin theory (CET) subtheory of SD

aim = explain effects of external consequences on internal motivation (SD = motiva behind decisuions W/O external) 

3 facts of external factors:

• Informational aspect = the way info about ability is recieved changed motiva 

• Controlling aspect = how decides to complete task & who completing for. More control = ^ motiva 

• Amotivating aspect = assess competition & lose motiva to complete task if thinks incompetent 

SD theory motivation continuum

amotivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

amotivation

• No intention 

• Non-autonomous, feels incompetent, no relatedness, no drive, struggle to have any needs met 

intrinsic motivation

• Motivated by internal factors like excitement 

• 3 main elements: autonomy, purpose, mastery 

• When independent, feels efforts matter, satifsaction from becoming more skilled 

• Externally rewarding internally rewarding activities decreases intrinsic motiva 

extrinsic motivation

• Motivated by external factors (eg reward) operant conditioning. Perform task even if its not itself rewarding 

• External regulation = only to recieve rewards / avoid punishments 

• Introjected regulation = external reg thats internalised (guilt/shame) 

• Identified regulation = conscious valuing of goal/supported behaviour, identifies w/ actions/values 

• Intergrated regulation = performed out of identification/values/enjoyment & some personal gain not just for enjoyment 

SD theory strengths

• Large scope (explains behaviour in every situation) 

• High heuristic value (solves problems) 

• Many uses (eg work) 

• Supported w/ evidence 

SD theory limitations

• Low predictive power 

• Lacks falsifiability 

Maslow

studied positive qualities & exemplary ppl

Lower levels satisfied first. Needs -> grow/develop/fulfil potential to become self actualised 

examined full potential & found similarities (open/aware)

maslows hierarchy of needs

• Self-actualisatoin (morality, creativity, spontaneit, problem solving, no prejudice, accepting facts – SELF FULFILLMENT NEEDS | BEING (GROWTH) NEEDS, & MOTIVATION INCREASES AS NEEDS ARE MET 

• Esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of/by others) - PSYCH NEEDS | DEFICIENCY NEEDS, & MOTIVATOIN DECREASES AS NEEDS ARE MET 

• Love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy) - PSYCH NEEDS and ^ 

• Safety (security of body/employment/resources/morality/family/health/property) - BASIC NEEDS and ^ 

• Physiological (breathing, good, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion) - BASIC NEEDS and ^ 

themes of hierarchy

• Arrange according to strength. Lower = stronger/sooner it appears in life. Lowest -> highest. Life interupts sometimes, not reachin self actualisation and level fluctuation 

• Motiva to fulfil deficiency needs get stronger the longer they’re denied 

self actualisation

full use of potentials/capabilities, achieving maximum potential in life 

self actualisation depends on

• The way theyre treated (accepted/rejected) (Treatment)

• How views self (Self-concept) 

• How effectively deals wiuth negative influences causing stress/distress (Overcome)

self actualisation in enhanced by

Be genuine, accepting (unconditioned positive regard), empathetic 

characteristics of a self-actualised person

ACREA

• Accepting other/own floors 

• Highly creative 

• Able to keep deep/loving relationships 

• Strong moral/ethical standards 

• Deep appreciation/gratitude for simple stuff 

behaviours that lead to becoming self actualised

• Try new things 

• Listen to own feelib=ngs instead of evaluating experiences  on tradition/authority/majority 

• Content with unpopularity if different views to majority 

• Responsible & work hard 

• Find defenses & give them up 

Maslow’s motivation model expanded hierarchy 1970

1. Bio/psych needs 

2. Safety needs 

3. Love & belonging needs 

4. Esteem needs 

5. Cognitive needs (knowlege/meaning) 

6. Aesthetic needs (appreciation/seasrch for beauty/balance/form) 

7. Self-actualisation needs 

8. Transcendence needs (help others achieve SA. Desire to connect w/ higher/purpose/universe) 

extended hierarchy strengths

• Positive counselling techniques (self help) 

• Framework for discussing complex human motiva beyond bio models 

• Emphasises own subjective view of reality & goal for full potential 

extended hierarchy limitations

• Encourages focus on own unrealistic self-fulfilment ideals 

• Subjective & non-scientific basis 

• Methodology (characteristics of SA by qualitative method called biographical analysis) 

• Biased sample (high educated males) 

• No testable hyp/research (cant generalise to female/lower classes) 

wellveing

happy/content, satisfaction w/ life + frequent positive moods/emotions. (mental/social/physical/financial/work/community)

subjective wellbeing diener 1984

How evaluate lives to determine wellbeing level based on life satisfaction & affective balance. Relies on own experience. Evalute 3 areas: 

• Domains of live (work/school/friends/fam) 

• Global judgement (general feelings) 

• Ongoing feelings about happenings around them 

More than happiness; past experiences & future expectations. Low neuroticism (anxious/worry) 

model of subjective wellbeing

2 key areas of life satisfcation & affective balance. Judge satifsaction using emotional experiences

life satisfaction: JI+

• Global judgement/satisfaction w/ areas 

• Overall positive influence by domains 

• Pos/neg feelings over time 

affective balance (pos & neg) EC

• All moods/emotions/feelings experienced 

• Combination of pos (happiness) & neg (sadness) 

how to measure subjective wellbeing (self reports)

measure affect

• pos & neg affect scale (PANAS)

• scale of pos & neg experience (SPANE)

measure life satisfaction

• satifscation w/ life scale

• oxford happiness questionnaire (OHQ) 

6 factor model of wellbeing - ryff 1989

psych wellbeing has 6 equal areas: AEPePoPuS

1. Autonomy = own decisions w/ own free will 

2. Environmental mastery = manage/adopt to external world 

3. Personal growth = continuous process of self-improvement/exploration 

4. Positive relations w/ others = close bonds w/ intimacy/empathy/affection 

5. Purpose in life = goals gives life meaning 

6. Self acceptance = positive outlook on self, embrace strengths/weaknesses 

high/low on each → add score → total