Lesson 1 - PMLS

Early Medical Diagnosis

Diseases were treated as mysteries and believed to be caused by negative interactions between the environment and the body.

Hippocrates

Known as the father of modern medicine, he contributed significantly to early medical understanding.

Four Tumors

Blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile were believed to influence health and personality traits.

Blood

Associated with air, warm and moist qualities, linked to the liver, and thought to cause fevers when imbalanced.

Yellow Bile

Associated with fire, warm and dry qualities, linked to the gallbladder, and thought to cause anger and digestive issues when imbalanced.

Phlegm

Associated with water, cold and moist qualities, linked to the brain and lungs, and believed to cause lethargy when in excess.

Black Bile

Associated with earth, cold and dry qualities, linked to the spleen, and thought to cause depression when imbalanced.

Galen

Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume.

Black Plague

Led to advancements in medicine and medical technology due to high mortality rates.

Early 11th Century

Practitioners relied on patient descriptions and observations, as physical examinations were not allowed.

18th Century

Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection improved diagnostic accuracy.

19th Century

Physicians began using machines for diagnosis and therapeutics.

John Hutchinson

Developed the spirometer to measure lung capacity.

Spirometer

measure lung capacity

Jules Herrison

Created the sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure.

Sphygmomanometer

measuring blood pressure

Chemistry in Diagnosis

Used for diagnosing diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis.

Communicable Disease Center (CDC)

Established in 1946 to combat malaria, later renamed to focus on disease control and prevention.

Center Disease Control

renaming Communicable Disease Center in 1970

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

renaming Center Disease Control in 1980

Early 20th Century

Integration of scientific discoveries marked significant progress in medical technology.

ASCP

Founded to encourage cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists, establishing a code of ethics.

ASCP

American Society of Clinical Pathology

ASCP

leading organization dedicated to advancing the field of pathology and laboratory medicine

Medical Technology in the Philippines

Began in the 16th century with the establishment of hospitals by the Spanish Empire designated manila as the capital

The first hospital established by the spaniards

in 1565, hospital real in cebu was relocated to manila to serve military personnel

San Lazaro hospital

In 1578, The franciscans established this hospital to care for the

impoverished and lepers

Hospital de San Juan de Dios

by 1596 this hospital was established to assist poor spaniards

hospital de San Jose

In 1641 this hospital was founded in Cavite

First Clinical Laboratory

Reopened in 1945 by Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda with the help of then Manila City Health officer Dr. Mariano Icasiano

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

helped reopening the first clinical laboratory

Medical Technology Education

Training programs for laboratory workers were initiated by Dr. Pio De Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana.

Dr. Jesse Umali

• First graduate of the medical technology program later became a successful OB-GYN in the US.

• Graduated as Doctor of Medicine at the Far Eastern University

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Known as the father of microbiology for improving the microscope.

Edward Jenner

Discovered vaccination for smallpox, laying the foundation for immunology.

Marie François Xavier Bichat

Identified organs by their type of tissues

- Histology

Agostino Bassi

Produced disease worms by injection of organic material

- Beginning of bacteriology

Louis Pasteur

Developed immunity to rabies and anthrax, known for pasteurization.

which involves heating of liquids such as mild and wine to kill harmful bacteria

Gregor Johann Mendel

Established laws of inheritance through plant studies.

Joseph Lister

Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms.

Robert Koch

Presented the first picture of bacilli (anthrax) and later tubercle bacilli

Elie Metchnikoff

Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infections

Ernst von Bergmann

Introduced steam sterilization in surgery

Karl Landsteiner

Distinguished blood groups through development of the ABO blood group system

August von Wassermann

Developed immunologic tests for syphilis

Howard Taylor Ricketts

Discovered microorganism whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

Hans Fischer

Work out the structure of hemoglobin

Jonas Salk

Developed the poliomyelitis vaccine.

James Westgard

Introduced Westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory

Baruch Samuel Blumberg

Introduced Hepatitis B vaccine

Kary Mullis

Developed the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR)

Andre Van Steirteghem

Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF)

James Thompson

Derived the first human stem cell line