Lesson 1 - PMLS

Early medical diagnosis

- Disease were treated as mystery

- Disease were also believed to be caused by negative interaction between the environment and the body

HIPPOCRATES

- father of modern technology

4 tumors of the body accorin

Blood

Associated Element: Air

Qualities: Warm and moist

Season: Spring

Organ: Liver

Personality Trait: Sanguine (optimistic, social, and active)

Imbalance Symptoms: Overproduction was thought to cause fevers and inflammatory diseases.

Yellow bile

Associated Element: Fire

Qualities: Warm and dry

Season: Summer

Organ: Gallbladder

Personality Trait: Choleric (ambitious, energetic, and easily angered)

Imbalance Symptoms: Overproduction was thought to lead to anger, digestive problems, and jaundice.

Phlegm

Associated Element: Water

Qualities: Cold and moist

Season: Winter

Organ: Brain and lungs

Personality Trait: Phlegmatic (calm, rational, and unemotional)

Imbalance Symptoms: Excess was

believed to cause lethargy, colds, and

respiratory issues.

Phlegm

Black Bile

Associated Element: Earth

Qualities: Cold and dry

Season: Autumn

Organ: Spleen

Personality Trait: Melancholic (thoughtful, introverted, and prone to sadness)

Imbalance Symptoms: Excess was believed to cause depression, digestive disturbances, and ulcers.

Galen

- Describe diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”

- Established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume

Black plague

- Medicine and medical technology advance because of the high mortality caused by the plague and other diseases

Early 11th century

- Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examinations of the patient's body

- They relied on patients description of symptoms and observation

18th century

- Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide more objective and accurate diagnosis to understand the insides of the body

19th century

- Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics

John Hutchinson

- Spirometer for measuring lung capacity

Jules Herrison

- Sphygmomanometer for blood pressure

Use of chemistry

- Chemistry is used in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis during this period

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

- Established on July 1, 1946 as the communicable disease center located in Atlanta, Georgia

- Initially focused to combat malaria

- Renamed the Center for Disease Control in 1970

- Renamed the Centers for Disease Control and prevention in 1980

CDC Key Contributions

1. Eradication of smallpox

- CDC played a significant role in the global effort to eradicate smallpox, a

disease that was declared eradicated in 1980

2. HIV / AIDS

- CDC has been at the forefront of efforts to combat HIV / AIDS, conducting research, providing guidelines and supporting prevention and treatment programs

3. COVID 19 pandemic

- The cdc has been a critical source of information and guidance on controlling the spread of the virus, developing testing protocols and supporting vaccination efforts

In the early 20th century

- Improvements in the basic sciences and integration of scientific and technological discoveries marked the advances in medical technology

History of Medical technology in the United States

- 1895, The University of Pennsylvania William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was

opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratory

- in 1918, John Kolmer advocated for a national certification method for medical technologists.

- In 1920, The management of clinical laboratories in major hospital was overseen by a chief physician

- In 1922, The american society of clinical pathology (ASCP) was founded in the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologist

ASCP (American Society of Clinical Pathology)

- Established a code of ethics for technicians and technologists, requiring them to work under physician supervision, avoid diagnosing patients and refrain from advising on treatment

- A leading organization dedicated to advancing the field of pathology and laboratory medicine

History of medical technology in Philippines

- Late 16th century, the spanish empire designated manila as its capital

- The first hospital established by the spaniards in 1565, hospital real in cebu was relocated to manila to serve military personnel

- In 1578, The franciscans established the san lazaro

hospital to care for the impoverished and lepers,

- by 1596 the hospital de san juan de dios was established to assist

poor spaniards

- In 1641 the hospital de san jose was founded in cavite

- The dominicans founded the university of santo tomas in 1611

- In 1871 established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine. After setting up health and educational institutions, scientific and medical journals were introduced such as boletin de medicina de manila (1886)

- The revisita farmaceutica de filipinas (1893) and cronicas de ciencias medicas (1895)

First Clinical Laboratory

- Re - opened on October 1, 1945 by Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda with the help of then Manila City Health Officer Dr. Mariano Icasiano

Medical Technology Education

- After instituting the public health laboratory in Manila, Dr. Pio De Roda along with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers

- The first program was designated by Dr. Sta. Ana which was a six - months formal syllabus for training with a certificate upon completion

- In 1954, the Philippine Union College (PUC) in Baesa, Caloocan (now Adventist University Of the Philippines)

Dr. Jesse Umali (The OG med tech)

- Was the first graduate of the medical technology program

- Graduated as doctor of Medicine at the Far Eastern University and became as successful OB-gynecologist in the US

Important figures in the medical evolution of medical technology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

- The father of microbiology

- Known for his work on the improvement of microscope

Edward Jenner

- Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox

- Immunology

Marie François Xavier Bichat

- Identified organs by their type of tissues

- Histology

Agostino Bassi

- Produced disease worms by injection of organic material

- Beginning of bacteriology

Louis Pasteur

- Successfully produced immunity to rabies and anthrax

- Pasteurization, which involves heating of liquids such as mild and wine to kill harmful bacteria

Gregor Johann Mendel

- Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants

Joseph Lister

- Demonstrated the surgical infections are caused by airborne organism

Robert Koch

- Presented the first picture of bacilli (anthrax) and later tubercle bacilli

Elie Metchnikoff

- Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infections

Ernst von Bergmann

- Introduced steam sterilization in surgery

Karl Landsteiner

- DIstinguished blood groups through development of the ABO blood group system

August von Wassermann

- Developed immunologic tests for syphilis

Howard Taylor Ricketts

- Discovered microorganism whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

Hans Fischer

- Work out the structure of hemoglobin

Jonas Salk

- Developed poliomyelitis vaccine

James Westgard

- Introduced Westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory

Baruch Samuel Blumberg

- Introduced Hepatitis B vaccine

Kary Mullis

- Developed the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR)

Andre Van Steirteghem

- Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF)

James Thompson

- Derived the first human stem cell line