Unit 4 (1800-1848) APUSH

“Star-Spangled Banner”

National anthem of the US; lyrics come from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

Barbary Pirates

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.

Embargo Act

This law was passed in December 1807 over Federalist opposition, and prohibited United States vessels from trading with European nations during the Napoleonic War.

Factory system

Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all the aspect of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that felt had been done.

Industrialization

the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.

Marbury v. Madison

a landmark court case that resulted in the United States Supreme Court establishing the principle of Judicial Review, giving the Court the power to review and strike down laws passed by Congress or the states if they are deemed unconstitutional.

Missouri Compromise

Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri.

Nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners; anti-immigrants

Second Great Awakening

a religious revival movement that occurred in the United States in the early 19th century that emphasized the importance of converting people to Protestant Christianity.

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upper state New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.

Whigs

were originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. The Whigs promoted measures that strengthened the central government.

Abolition

the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves.

Battle of New Orleans

a series of engagements fought between December 23, 1814 through January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. It demonstrated that the U.S. military could successfully face the British military

Era of Good Feelings

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825.

The Free African Society

a non-denominational, mutual aid society for blacks in Philadelphia, which particularly helped widows and children.

Hudson River School

a mid-19th century art movement that focused on nature. Before this, Western artists portrayed nature as evil or as something wild that needed to be civilized. The Hudson River School artists portrayed humans and nature coexisting.

Judicial Review

the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.

Market Revolution

Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to production of goods for sale.

Monroe Doctrine

a policy set forth by President James Monroe indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. Lasting impact on whites: fear of their own Nat Turner copy = tightening of grip on slavery

Sectionalism

loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

Spoils System

gave out government jobs to political supporters regardless of their qualifications or experience; started by Andrew Jackson when he became President. He fired most of the previous President's appointees and put his own people in place.

Treaty of Ghent

This treaty ended the War of 1812; Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade

The American System

a federal economic policy proposed in the early 19th century aimed at promoting economic growth and development in the United States

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Gibbons v. Ogden

U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the “commerce clause” (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution

Indian Removal Act

(1830) ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri.

King Cotton

phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War, indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production

Lowell System

was a labor production model invented by Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts in the 19th century. The system was designed so that every step of the manufacturing process was done under one roof and the work was performed by young adult women instead of children or young men.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government

Mormons

People who followed the religious beliefs of Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. They migrated west and created a great settlement in Utah.

Nullification Crisis

confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832–33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Seminole Wars

three conflicts in Florida between the various groups of native Americans and the blacks who settled in Florida in the early 18th century and the United States Army.

Trail of Tears

A forced relocation of Native Americans consisting of 5 nations of Indians from the Southeast who were forced westward. This was the result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which Andrew Jackson proposed and supported.

War Hawks

young Democratic-Republicans from frontier states and were eager with war with Britain. They were led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun.