8: hsnc h2O AND MINERALS

How much does water take up in our body?

60%

Functions of water?

1. Transport vehicle for nutrients and wastes

2. Universal solvent

3. Body’s cleansing agent -dissolves waste like N and filters from blood and excrete mixed w water as urine

4. Lubricant/cushion for joints and protects sensitive tissue

5. maintenance of body temps

What causes the mouth to be dry?

water loss makes blood too concentrated, whcih attracts the water from the salivary gland

What hypothalamus role How?

monitors blood [ ]

• signals the pituitary gland to release hormone that causes the kidneys to shift water back into the blood stream than urine excretion

What happens if blood is too concentrated or blood volume/ blood pressure is too low?

hypothalamus initiates nerve impulses to the brain that its thirsty

how many cups of water is the first sign of thirst?

2 cups of fluid

symptoms of losing 5% of body fluids? risks?

headache, fatigue, confusion, forgetfulness, elevation of hR

• urine is less, sweating stops so body heat builds up

• such as shock, seizures, coma and even death.

what can chronic low fluid intake do?

risks for developing bladder, colon and other cancers, heart problems, gallstones, kidney stones and urinary tract infection

whats water intoxication

when too much water is consumed and floods the body fluids, disturbing [ ]

What does # of water our body needs depend on?

1. food eaten

2. activity level

3. temp of environment (top)

can body make water too?

a small percentage of the day’s fluid, as the energy containing nutrients breakdown, they release some water as a byproduct.

does caffeine count towards fluid intake?

Yes, because even though they are diuretics, the actual net loss of fluid from the body is very small.

Can cells regulate the amount of water directly? What does the major minerals form?

no, but can pump minerals across membranes

salt

What do the cells do in body? what does it all ensure?

1. direct where the salts go

2. determines where fluid flows because water follows salt

• cells dont collapse when water leaves or swell and burst when water enters the cell

What are ions

When the salts dissolve in water, they separate into single, electrically charged particles

what are electrolytes

Compounds that partially dissociate in water to form ions (electrically charged particles)

what happens when dissolved particles like electrolytes are present in unequal concentrations on either side of a water permeable membrane?

water flows towards the more concentrated side to equal the concentrations.

How to control the flow of water?

body must use E to move electrolytes from one compartment to another

What are transport proteins?

forms pumps to move mineral ions across the cell membrane, to have fluid and electrolyte balance

What is fluid and electrolyte balance?

Maintenance of the appropriate kinds and amounts of fluids and mineral in each compartment of the body

What happens when u vomit or have diarrhea?

body is losing water from digestive tract, and water is pulled from between the cells in every part of the body

• to restore it, the fluid leaves interior of the cells'

• kidney detects loss of water and try to retrieve it for its destined excretion by increasing [Na] outside the cells, causing more H2O to be pulled out, causing fluid and electrolyte imbalance

what are minerals?

Naturally occurring, inorganic, essential, chemical elements

what are the major minerals? and how much # (g)?

• 5g

1. Ca

2. Na

3. Cl

4. K

5. Mg

6. S

7. P

What are the trace minerals? and # g?

• less than 5 g

1. Iodine

2. Fe

3. Zn

4. Cu

5. Se

6. F

7. Cr

8. Mn

9. Mo

Se Fe F Cu

Cr I Zn

Mo Mn

What is peak bone mass? who can reach it?

The highest attainable bone density a person can achieve. Usually reached by the late twenties, early thirties.

What is the most abundant mineral in the body

Ca

What happens when there is an increases need for Ca?

body increases calcium absorption in the int to prevent loss from the kidneys and mobilize Ca from the bone

Who have higher needs for Ca? how mcuh do they consume

1. Children absorb 60% of what they consume

2. Pregnant women 50%

3. Healthy adult 25%

what leads to bone ca loss?

sudden cut back on ca intake

what is osteoporosis?

weak, brittle bones which can result in fractures.

where is Mg stored? what happens if blood levels of Mg are low? what conserves Mg?

• bones

• he body can borrow from the bone stores of magnesium

  • kidney

What happens when salt enters body?

• drink water to balance ratio

• kidneys excreet excess Na and water

  • if blood Na drops, body water is lost so both H2O and Na must be replenished to avoid issues

where is Na stored in body?

t 30-40% of the Na in our body is stored on the surface of the bone crystals, so that it is easy for the body to draw on if blood Na concentrations need to be replenished.

explain relationships between Na and blood pressure

Na increase = BP inscre so cardiovascular disease increases

who does Na affect?

1. diabetes

2. hypertesnion or kdiney disease

3. high BP

4. over tge age of 50, bc responsds more dramatically in older age

how to lower Na and increase k? 

DASH DIET (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)

• eat veggies, fruits, nuts, fish, whole grain, and low dairy products

• DO NOT EAT red meats, butter, high fat foods, sweets

what does low k mean? high k?

raises BP

high k = prevents hypertension

what can excess Na cause in diet?

1. It can increase the amount of calcium excreted.

2. stresses weakened heart or cause kidney problems

3. stomach cancer? (sauces and flavoring in Asia)

What are the benefits of reduced Na diet?

1. Reduce the risks of stroke

What do potassium loss causes?

1. severe diarrhea with kwashiokor

2. heart failure

3. dehydration

4. cant detect the need for fluids

how can potassium stop the heart? explain potassium chloride pills? explain potassisum toxicity

when K is injected into the vein

1. OTC, but dont use w/out physicians advice

• the excess K triggers vomitting reflex, but in a young infant or weakened heart, cant stand this (Not usually life trheatening)

  • muscle weakening, vomitting

diet that causes chloride deficiency? toxicity>

No diet lacks chlrodie

• harmless, may cause vomitting

deficiencies in sulphate? toxicity?

protein would occur first then sulphate

• seen if drinking H2O has 2 much sulphate, causing diarrhea or damaged colon

What happens when iodine deficiency occurs?

1. cells in thyroid gland enlarge to trap more iodine particles

What is cretinism? can be treated?

when pregantn is deficient in iodine

• irrerversible metnal and physical impairment to child

• when treated adnd sicoevred withitn first 6 mnths of preg

where is Fe stored in the body?

bone marrow then to liver where its packed inot new rbc then blood stream

what happens when rbc die?

spleen and lvier break them down, saves iron, and send it back to bone marrow for storage

what can cast iron pans do>

transfer Fe to foods in the form of Fe salts

what is anemia?

rbc shrinks and loses color due to low hemoglobin

• so reduced delivery of O to tissues, which limits the cells E metabolsim resulting in tiredness, feeling cold, irritation, shorter attention span

what is lucky iron fish?

developed in cambodia

reusable cooking tool from food grade iron power to add extra iron to foods and drinks

What doe teh body do for iron toxitity?

• Fe absorption from food is low then when Fe stores fill up, less Fe is absorbed

• intestinal cells trap Fe and hol it, so when it gets shed fe also is excreted

What are the forms iron occurs in

1. heme - iron contains hemo and myglobin in meat, fish, and poultry

• readily absorbed

• abosrb 23% iron

1. non heme - found in plans and nonheme iron in meats

• abosrb 2-20%

how to increase non Fe absorption?

eat it with

1. meat, fihs, poultry

2. vitamin C

what foods inhibit Fe absorption?

1. Tannins – found in tea and coffee

2. Calcium and phosphorus – in milk

3. Phytates – accompany fibre in whole-grains and legumes.

anemia vs hemochromatosis?

the dietary recommendations given would be the opposite of someone with hemochromatosis.

• A person with anaemia would want to consume vitamin C or meat, fish or poultry with meals to enhance iron absorption and avoid milk, tea or coffee with meals.

• A person with hemochromatosis would want to consume milk, tea or coffee with meals to inhibit iron absorption and avoid consuming vitamin C rich foods with meals, as well as limit consumption of meat, fish and poultry.

what is the cortical bone?

• dense bone forms exterior shell of bone

• Cortical bone’s calcium can also be withdrawn, but much more slowly. Cortical bone loss begins at about age forty, and bone tissue loss continues steadily after that.

trabecullar bone?

lattice of calcium containing crystals on the inside, which are part of the body’s calcium bank.

• Trabecular bone readily donates calcium when the body needs it, and losses of trabecular bone begin to be significant in our mid twenties.

osteoprosis risk factor?

1. gender (women have hgiher losses of bone after menopause)

2. increased age

3. family history

4. decreased dietrary intake of Ca and D

how to treat osteoprosis?

1. Estrogen therapy can help to prevent further bone loss and the incidence of fractures in post menopausal women. However, it may also increase the risks for heart disease and breast cancer, so may not be appropriate for all.

2. Several medications are used in osteoporosis. These medications help to inhibit the activities of bone-dismantling cells, thus allowing the bone-building cells to slowly build up bone tissue with new calcium deposits. These medications however do not work for everyone, and some people cannot tolerate them.

how to preven osteoprorsi?

1. Diet and physical activity are both important.

2. The strength of bones later in life is dependent on how well the bones were developed and maintained in early life (whether peak bone mass was achieved).

what are the forms of calcium supplements?

1. Calcium Compounds are the simplest forms of purified calcium and tend to be well absorbed (about as well as the calcium from milk). Examples include: calcium carbonate, Ca citrate, Ca gluconate, Ca hydroxide, Ca lactate, Ca malate and Ca phosphate, as well as amino acid chelates (compounds of calcium and amino acids).

2. Mixtures of Ca with other compounds are absorbed less efficiently. Examples include calcium carbonate with magnesium carbonate, aluminum salts (e.g., antacids) or Ca with vitamin D.

3. Powdered, Ca rich materials are also absorbed less efficiently. Examples include bone meal or powdered bone (crushed or ground bone is not well absorbed and is often contaminated with toxic materials like arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium), oyster shell (made from powdered oyster shell – not well absorbed), and dolomite (found in limestone and marble, powdered and sold as a calcium-magnesium supplement – poorly absorbed, often contaminated, may interact adversely with the absorption of other essential minerals).