ATP

How can energy be defined?

As the ability to do work

How is energy usually measured?

Kilojoules (KJ)

What is the law of conservation energy?

Energy can never be created or destroyed. Energy can only be transferred form one form to another

What is adenosine triphosphate?

ATP

Do the bonds between the phosphates in ATP have a low or high activation energy?

Low

What happens when the phosphate bonds in ATP break?

Energy is released

Explain the synthesis of ATP

• energy input is required to add inorganic phosphate to ADP

• Catalysed by ATP synthase

• Removal of water = condensation reaction

• Phosphorylation

What is phosphorylation?

The addition of a phosphate

Name 3 types of phosphorylation

• photophosphorylation

• Oxidative phosphorylation

• Substrate level phosphorylation

When is photophosphorylation used?

In chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis

When is oxidative phosphorylation used?

In eukaryotic cells during aerobic respiration

When is Substrate level phosphorylation used?

In all cells when phosphates are transferred from donor molecules to ADP

What are the roles of ATP?

• Intermediate source of energy in living cells

• The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases immediate energy

• ATP cannot be stored

• The rate of production and use of ATP is very high

Name 5 uses of ATP

• metabolic processes

• Movement

• Active transport

• Secretion

• Activation of molecules

What does the metabolic process do?

Provides the energy to build up macromolecules from their basic units

What is an example of a metabolic process?

Protein synthesis

What are 2 examples of movement that uses ATP?

• muscle contraction

• Beating of Cilicia and flagella (including sperm)

What are the benefits of using ATP

• energy released in small amounts to reduce chance of thermal cell death

• Immediate energy source

• Easily remade

• Only requires one enzyme to hydrolyse it or remake it

• Cannot diffuse out of cell

• Is soluble so can move within the cell

What catalyst is used to hydrolyse ATP?

ATP hydrolyse

What catalyst is used to synthesise ATP?

ATP synthase

What are components of ATP?

3 inorganic phosphates, one ribose sugar, base adenine