human phys exam 1

circulatory system

heart, blood, blood vessels

transport materials between all cells of the body

digestive system

stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body, elimination of waste

endocrine system

thyroid, arenal gland

coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

immune system

thymus, spee, lymph nodes

defense against foreign invaders

integumentary system

skin

protection from external environment

musculoskeletal system

skeletal muscle, bone

support and movement

nervous system

brain, spinal cord

coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

reproductive system

ovaries, uterus, testes

perpetuation of species

respiratory system

lungs, airways

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between internal and external; environments

urinary system

kidneys, bladder

maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment, waste removal

dynamic steady state

materials are constantly moving between two compartments but no net movement

law of mass balance

the load is the amount of a substance which remains constant if any gain is offset by equal loss

mass flow

rate of transport of a substance through the body or out of the body

3 components if control system to elicit response

input signal

integrating center (controller)

output signal

local control

restricted to a tissue or cellr

flex control

long distance signaling using response loops and/or nervous and endocrine systemsr

response loop

stimulus

sensor

input signal

integrating center

output signal

target

response

2 parts of physiological reflex

response loop

feedback loop

feedback loop

modulates the response loop and influences the steady state of the system

negative feedback

response counteracts stimulus and shuts off response loop

homeostatic, stabilizes variable

positive feedback

response reinforces stimulus, sending the variable farther from the setpoint

not homestatic, reinforces the stimulus

positive feedback

rare and does not maintain homestasis

blood clotting initial stimulus

wound

blood clotting sensor

damaged tissue

blood clotting input signals

chemicals

blood clotting integrating center

accumulation of platelets

blood clotting output signal

more platelets are drawn to the clot

blood clotting target

clot is large enough

blood clotting repsonse

clot formation, bleeding stops

biological rhythms result from a change in

setpoint

biological rhythm

regulated variables that change predictably and create repeated patters, individual set points vary between people and over time

circadian rhythm

type of daily biological rhythm found in systems such as blood pressure, body temp, metabolism

cannon’s 1st postulate

nervous regulation of internal environment

cannon’s 2nd postulate

tonic control - tone based input

cannon’s 3rd postulate

antagonistic control - neurons or hormones with opposing effects

cannon’s 4th postulate

one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues

tonic control

regulates physiological parameters by changing intensity of the signal

antagonistic control

uses different signals to send a parameter in opposite directionsa

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic increasing heart rate

parasympathetic decreasing heart ratefu

functions of different chemicals are __ the same in all tissues or systems

not

simple reflexes are mediated by the

nervous or endocrine system or both

neural reflexes are ____, ____, and more ____ than endocrine

faster, shorter, specific

neural reflex nature

electrical and chemical (neurotransmitter)

endocrine reflex nature

chemical (hormonal)

neural reflexes increase stimulus

frequency

endocrine reflexes increase

hormone amount

Complex reflex systems

are mediated by both neural and endocrine systems and go through several integrating systems