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Test 4
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Why do we need oxygen? (COLLEGE LEVEL)
To make ATP
Energy from food “reloads” ATP
Oxygen is the final electron accepter in the making of ATP
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - what it looks like
Fully charged battery

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) - what it looks like
Partially charged battery

Redox Reactions - two types
Oxidation AND Reduction
Oxidation
Loses electrons
Reduction
Gains electrons
Redox Reactions - how they work
In cells, when one substance is oxidized another is reduced
Transfer of electrons from one molecule to another molecule
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) - two types
NAD+AND NADH
NAD+
Empty bucket
NADH
Full bucket
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) - traits
Electron Carrier
Referred to as a “bucket”
Can carry 2 electrons
Redox Reaction
Glycolysis - bullet list
First to evolve
Least efficient
“Sugar splitting”
Happens in cytoplasm
Glycolysis - diagram + “must knows”
MUST KNOW:
Glucose
Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate
PGAL
Pyruvix Acid

Glycolysis - net gain
2 ATP
2 NADH
Fermentation
If no oxygen is available
Anaerobic respiration
Alcoholic (yeast and bacteria)
Lactic Acid (muscles and bacteria)
Krebs Cycle - bullet list
AKA “Citric Acid Cycle”
Happens in Matrix of Mitochondria
2 turns per glucose (2 pyruvic acid)
Krebs Cycle - diagram + “must knows”
MUST KNOW:
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl Co-a
Citric Acid
Oxaloacetic Acid

Krebs Cycle - net gain
Note: goes around twice, so double the diagram
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2
ETC: Electron Transport Chain - bullet list
MAIN EVENT
Happens in Cristae of Mitochondria
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to make ATP
ATP Synthase
ETC: Electron Transport Chain - diagram
Note 1: Electrons go down
Note 2: Pay attention to small details

ETC: Electron Transport Chain - net gain
32 ATP
Net Gain / Gain Summary - Glycolysis
2 NADH and 2 ATP
Net Gain / Gain Summary - Krebs
8 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2
Net Gain / Gain Summary - ETC
(Note: -2 ATP for Active Transport)
10 NADH — 30 ATP
2 FADH2 — 4 ATP
How much ATP does 1 molecule of glucose yield in total?
36!
How much ATP is gained from all 3 steps?
2 ATP from Glycolysis
2 ATP from Krebs Cycle
32 ATP from Electron Transfer Chain
Balanced Formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP