b6.3 (part 1) - monitoring and maintaining health

finish from page 216

what is health

when someone doesn’t have a disease

what is a disease

a condition that causes a part of the body to not function properly

what are communicable diseases

diseases that can spread between organisms usually caused by microorganisms

what are pathogens

microorganisms that can cause disease

what are 4 causes of non-communicable diseases

obesity, poor diet, body processes not operating properly, genetics

what does HPV lead to

cell changes that can cause cervical cancer

what does HIV lead to

a weakened immune system that causes AIDS that can increase your risk of catching diseases like tuberculosis

how can pathogens spread between animals

cuts in skin, reproduction, digestion, respiration

how can pathogens spread between plants

vectors (such as insects), contact of sap, fungal spores or infected seeds in wind

what is the incubation period

the time delay between pathogens entering your body and making you feel ill

what happens during the incubation period

pathogens reproduce rapidly and cause cell damage. some also produce toxic waste products leading to fever, rashes and sores

how do viruses replicate (5)

1. virus attacks a cell

2. inserts its genes

3. tells nucleus to copy genes

4. new viruses are made

5. cell bursts & releases viruses

what is the incidence of a disease

the rate at which new cases occur over a period of time in a population

how to prevent the spread of communicable diseases (8)

cover your mouth when you cough / sneeze

protected sex

don’t share needles

don’t touch infected people / things

washing your hands

cooking food properly

drink clean water

protect yourself from animal bites

how do farmers prevent the spread of disease (5)

diseased plant material is burnt

animals can be treated with drugs

whole herds are slaughtered

livestock cannot be moved

chemical dips to sterilise footwear

what is athlete’s foot caused by

caused by parasitic fungi called dermatophytes. your feet provide a warm, humid environment

what are symptoms of athlete’s foot

cracked, flaky, itchy skin and it's treated using anti-fungal cream

how is athlete’s foot spread

it’s very contagious so it spreads through direct and indirect contact

what is food poisoning caused by

the growth of microorganisms in food

what are symptoms of food poisoning

stomach pain, diarrhoea, vomiting and fever. sometimes death

how is food poisoning cured

it is usually self-cured in a few days but doctors may need to use a drip to replace fluids

how are STIs transmitted

they are passed on through skin to skin contact or genital fluids during unprotected sex

cause symptoms and treatment of chlamydia and gonorrhoea

bacteria, pain when urinating and discharge, antibiotics

cause symptoms and treatment of genital herpes

virus, painful blisters or sores, no cure

cause symptoms and treatment of HIV

virus, weakened immune system often resulting in AIDS, no cure

what does HIV do to your body

it invades white blood cells and reproduces inside cells. this weakens your immune system as antibodies can’t be produced

what is AIDS

the final stage of HIV when the body can no longer fight life-threatening infections

what is an example of a viral, fungal and bacterial plant disease

viral - tobacco mosaic virus

fungal - powdery mildew

bacterial - crown gall disease