Studied by 128 people
Theory
Summarizes a group of hypotheses
Hypothesis
an explanation to a question
Inductive Reasoning
derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations
Experimental Group
The group that is exposed to the treatment that is being tested
Scientific Law
Statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula
Control Group
groups in the experiment that help eliminate experimental errors and biases of researchers
Deductive Reasoning
specific results are derived from general premises
Independent Variable
the one factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment
Constants
all the factors that stay the same in an experiment.
Alternative Hypothesis
the hypotheses that contain results that are NOT the null hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify
Dependent Variable
the factor which is measured in the experiment
Mean
the average of the data set
Median
the middle number in a range of data points
Central Tendencies
Statistics that describe the center of the data set.
Mode
the value that appears most often in a data set
Variability
the measure of how far a data set diverges from the central tendency
Range
the difference between the largest and smallest values
Standard Deviation
a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean
Standard Error of the Mean
used to determine the precision of and confidence in the mean value
Capillary Action
the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
Hydrogen Bonds
the partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will bind the partially negative oxygen atom in another polar covalent molecule .
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
Macromolecule
Large molecules formed with carbon backbones
Dehydration Reaction
bonds two monomers with the loss of water
Hydrolysis
breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding water
Polymers
chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together
Monomers
the repeating units that make up polymers
Disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds
Amino Acid
Molecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group, monomer of polypeptides
Polypeptide
Many amino acids that are linked together with peptide bonds
Cellulose
tough substance that forms plant cell walls
Monosaccharide
simple sugars, can serve as building blocks for amino acids, or as monomers for di- and polysaccharides
Polysaccharide
polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that animals use to store sugars
Hydrophobic
Water repelling/hating
Hydrophilic
Water attracting/loving
Glycosidic Linkage
a type of covalent bond that joins a sugar molecule to another sugar
Starch
A polymer of glucose that plants use to store sugars
Primary Structure
the linear chain of amino acids in a protein
Secondary Structure
Coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone of a protein (beta sheets and alpha helices)
Tertiary Structure
3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the AAs
Quaternary Structure
Association of two or more polypeptides
Lipid/Fat
class of molecules that do not include true polymers, usually small and are hydrophobic
Fatty Acid
long carbon chains (carboxyl group at one end)
Phospholipid
Major component of cell membranes made of two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate
Denature
the loss or change of a proteins shape that leads to loss or change of function
Protein
molecule consisting of polypeptides (polymers of amino acids) folded into a 3D shape
Steroid
Lipids that have four fused rings
DNA
Consists of two polynucleotides, forms a double helix. Holds genetic information
RNA
Single stranded polynucleotide, variable in shape. Used in transferring genetic information to proteins.
Nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids. Contain 3 parts: Nitrogenous base, Five carbon sugar (pentose), Phosphate group(s)
Nucleic Acid
polymers made of nucleotide monomers
Pyrimidine
one ring with 6 atoms
Purine
one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms
Positive Control
Group not exposed to the experimental treatment or independent variable, but it IS exposed to a treatment known to produce the expected effect
Negative Control
Group not exposed to any treatment or exposed to a treatment that is known to have NO effect
