Strain theory and anomie theory- crime and deviance:

Who made the strain theory (1938)?

Merton

What is the strain theory?

Strain theory suggests that deviance arises when there is a gap between societies cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.

What is the definition of cultural goals?

Society’s emphasises on success and wealth

What is meant by legitimate means?

Education, hard work and lawful opportunities

What is an example of strain theory?

For some individuals, the legitimate means are blocked due to factors like poverty or discrimination, this leads to deviance as an alternative way to achieve success.

What are the 5 adaptations of strain?

1. Conformity

2. Innovation

3. Ritualism

4. Retreatism

5. Rebellion

What is conformity?

They accept cultural goals an accepts the legitimate means

What is meant by innovation?

They accept the goals and use legitimate means to achieve them

What is meant by ritualism?

This is when people reflect on cultural goals and continue to use legitimate means

What is meant by retreatism?

They reject both legitimate means and cultural goals

What is meant by rebellion?

They replace existing goals and means and replace with new ones

What are he criticisms of the strain theory?

• Over focus on monetary success and ignores other motivations

• Doesn’t explain - utilitarian crime such as vandalism

Who created the anomie theory?

Durkheim

What is the anomie theory?

Durkheim linked crime and deviance to anomie, a state of normalises that arises during periods of rapid social change and inability

What is meant by anomie?

A disconnection between societal expectations, an individuals ability to meet them leading to instability

Why does anomie cause crime?

In time of anomie social control weaken and people are more likely to engage in deviance to achieve personal goods.

What are Durkheim key ideas on crime and deviance?

Crime is inevitable - not everyone can be fully socialised into shared norms

What are the reasons for crime having positive functions?

• Boundary maintenance - punishing criminals reinforces social norms

• Social change - deviance can challenge outdated norms, leading to societal progress

What are the criticisms of the anomie theory?

• Overemphasises the positive aspects of crime

• Doesn’t explain individuals motivations for crime