AP chemistry Flashcards ✺٩(ˊᗜˋ*)و ✺

To help me memorize for May 6th

High dipole moment is indicative of a high or low boiling point?

High boiling point

Formula to find Fahrenheit from Celcius?

F= (C*1.8) +32

Molar mass formula?

M= mass (g) / moles (mol)

1 mol of gas at stp=? (bonus what does stp stand for?)

22.4 liters (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

If two atoms of the same type are bonded, the bond is_

a covalent bond.

Do covalently bonded atoms share or transfer electrons?

Covalently bonded atoms share electrons.

What determines if a covalent bond is polar?

The difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.

Polar bonds have:

• unequally shared e-

Non-polar bonds have:

• equally shared e-.

When on the graph are covalent bonds at their most stable point?

At the minimum point on the potential energy curve (less energy mean less reaction)

Covalent bonds are formed between metals or non-metals?

Non-metals

Ionic bonds form between_

metals and non-metals

Are ionic bonds stronger or weaker than covalent and metallic bonds?

Ionic bonds are usually stronger, due to the electrostatic attraction between charged ions

Do ionic bonds share or transfer electrons?

Ionic bonds transfer electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions

Are ionic bonds usually polar and does this affect their ability to dissolve in water?

Yes, ionic bonds are polar, which enhances their solubility in water. The polarity helps to separate ions in the solvent

Do ionic bonds have high or low melting points?

High

Do ionic bonds have high or low enthalpies of fusion and vaporization?

High

Do covalent bonds have high or low boiling points?

Low (due to weaker intermolecular forces compared to ionic bonds)

Do metallic bonds have high or low boiling points?

High, as metallic bonds involve strong attractions between metal cations and delocalized electrons.

How to metallic bonds share electrons?

In an electron cloud focused around the cations.

Are metallic bonds good conductors?

Yes

Order the bond strength from strongest to weakest

Ionic > covalent > metallic > hydrogen > hydrogen > van der Waals forces

Are hydrogen bonds stronger or weaker than van der Walls forces?

Stronger

What elements must be present for hydrogen bonding to occur?

N, O or F (all electronegitive)

Do hydrogen bonds have low or high vapor pressure?

Low vapor pressure

Do all molecules with a hydrogen form hydrogen bonds?

No, only those with highly electronegative atoms bonded to hydrogen can form hydrogen bonds.

What is Photoelectron Spectroscopy used for?

PES is a technique used to find relative energies of electrons in atoms or isotopes.

Do valence electrons require more or less energy to remove?

Less energy to remove compared to core electrons

Do smaller PES peaks correspond to less or more binding energy

Smaller PES peaks correspond to less binding energy, indicating that the electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus (easier to remove)

Coulomb’s law states that_

the force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

What structure do ionic bonds form? Bonus question can ions move within this structure?

Ionic crystal lattice that is fixed and unmoving

What are some properties of ionic structures?

• Rigid and Brittle

• High melting point

• Poor conductor of electricity in solid state

• Good conductor of electricity in liquid state

What element has the most metallic character?

Francium

What are some properties of covalent solids?

• Soft and flexible

• Low melting and boiling points

• Poor conductors of electricity

• Don’t fully dissociate into ions in water

• Hard to dissolve (except if polar)

Which element is the most electronegitive?

Fluorine

How does force relate to atomic size according to Coulomb’s law?

Force is bigger if atoms have a smaller atomic radius (r value decrease = strong)

what is the Aufbau principle?

the Aufbau principle says electrons must fill up orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy.

what is the Pauli principle

The Pauli exclusion principle states that when two electrons fill up an orbital, they must spin in opposite directions: clockwise and counterclockwise.

what is Hund’s rule?

According to Hund's Rule, when electrons are filling the orbitals of the subshell, they will only have two in one orbital when it is not possible to have each electron in its own orbital.