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What is the definition of anesthesia?
without sensation.
What is the surgical goal of anesthesia?
To allow the patient to tolerate surgery and maintain the body in a balanced physiological state (homeostasis).
What does sensation refer to?
Sensation refers to awareness of stimuli including hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch, temperature, pressure, and pain.
What is analgesia?
Loss of pain sensation; nerves transmit signals from the source of pain to the brain, and analgesics interrupt the nerve pathway.
What is consciousness in relation to anesthesia?
The state of awareness in which a person can sense the environment and respond to it.
What is sedation?
A state of consciousness that can range from full awareness to unconsciousness with no response to external stimuli.
What is Central Nervous System (CNS) depression?
Diminished mental, sensory, and physical capacity; another way of expressing sedation.
What is unconsciousness?
Severe depression of the CNS where there is an inability to respond to external stimuli.
What is a coma?
The most profound state of unconsciousness in which most of the brain ceases to function.
What is amnesia?
Loss of recall (memory) of events.
What does an Anesthesia Care Provider (ACP) do?
The ACP administers anesthetic agents, performs physiological monitoring, and responds to anesthetic and surgical emergencies.
What is the role of the Anesthesiologist?
A medical doctor with specialist training in anesthesia (MDA).
What is a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesiologist (CRNA)?
A licensed individual permitted to deliver anesthesia after completing a master of science degree in nursing and obtaining certification in anesthesia.
What are the primary responsibilities of an ACP?
Protect and manage the patient's vital functions during surgery 2. Manage level of consciousness and ability to sense pain 3. Provide an adequate level of muscle relaxation during general anesthesia 4. Provide sedation as needed during regional anesthesia 5. Communicate with the surgeon about the patient's responses 6. Report and respond to any physiological or anesthetic emergencies 7. Provide physiological support to patients throughout the perioperative experience.
What is the role of a Certified Anesthesia Assistant (CAA)?
To assist the ACP in tasks that are delegated according to their practice skills and knowledge.
What does an Anesthesia Technician do?
An allied health professional trained to assist the ACP in delivering anesthesia during surgery.
What is preoperative evaluation?
A complete assessment performed by the ACP 1-3 days prior to surgery to assess the patient's specific medical needs and risk factors.
What are the ASA classifications?
The system created by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) categorizes patients according to their anesthetic risk.
What is ASA 1 classification?
Patient is normal and healthy.
What is ASA 2 classification?
A mild systemic disease that does not limit the individual's activities.
What is ASA 3 classification?
Moderate or severe systemic disease that does limit the individual's activities.
What is ASA 4 classification?
Severe systemic disease that is a constant potential threat to life.
What is ASA 5 classification?
The patient is morbid and is at substantial risk of death within 24 hours, with or without intervention.
What does E indicate in ASA classification?
Emergency status; any patient undergoing an emergency procedure is identified by adding this to the underlying ASA status.
What is preoperative fasting?
The requirement to minimize aspiration of gastric contents during general anesthesia.
What is capnography?
A measurement of the partial pressure of expired carbon dioxide, which provides information on ventilation adequacy.
What does an arterial blood gas (ABG) test measure?
Blood gases including partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen, and blood pH.
What is the most critical time for a patient with a difficult airway?
During intubation and extubation.
What is the goal of CPR?
To restore oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation.
What does malignant hyperthermia involve?
A severe physiological reaction to anesthetic agents causing hypermetabolism, high core temperature, and increased muscle rigidity.
What is a bier block in regional anesthesia?
A technique where the anesthetic agent is injected into a vein.
What is consciousness regarding Intraoperative Awareness (IOA)?
A rare phenomenon where the patient retains some degree of consciousness during surgery.
What is the purpose of the bispectral index system (BIS)?
To measure the level of hypnosis during anesthesia and prevent patients from recalling painful experiences.
What is the risk associated with spinal anesthesia?
Hypotension and post-spinal headache due to decreased cerebrospinal pressure.
What is the definition of difficult airway?
A clinical situation in which a patient has an anatomical or physiological condition that makes airway management challenging.
What are the phases of general anesthesia?
Induction - loss of consciousness, 2. Maintenance - continuation of anesthetic agent; unconsciousness maintained, 3. Emergence - cessation of anesthesia, regain of consciousness, 4. Recovery - postanesthesia care, ends with clearance of anesthetic drugs from the body.
What is the purpose of preoperative medications?
Administered as required at home, in the inpatient ward, or in the perioperative holding area to prepare the patient for anesthesia.
What are protective reflexes?
Respiration, gagging, swallowing, and withdrawal from pain that are suppressed during general anesthesia.
How is hypoxia defined?
Insufficient or poor ventilation resulting in low oxygen in the blood.
What is the significance of the pulse oximetry?
Measures blood oxygen saturation and heart rate.
What equipment is used for automatic blood pressure measurement?
An automatic blood pressure cuff monitors blood pressure during surgery.
What does electrocardiography measure?
Heart rhythm, heart rate, and myocardial ischemia.
What does a ventilator pressure monitor do?
Monitors ventilator disconnection during general anesthesia and assisted ventilation, as well as airway pressure.
What is a central venous catheter used for?
Measures central venous pressure, allows for rapid administration of fluids and blood, and drug administration.
What is an arterial catheter used for?
Measurement of arterial blood pressure and obtaining samples of arterial blood for analysis.
What does a precordial Doppler detect?
Detects air embolism.
What is the purpose of transesophageal echocardiography?
Evaluates myocardium, assesses valve function, and detects air embolism.
What is deliberate hypothermia?
Medical procedure used to lower the patient's core body temperature, often used during malignant hyperthermia reactions.
What are neuromuscular blocking agents?
Muscle relaxant drugs that cause paralysis by blocking neurotransmission to muscle tissue.
What is the purpose of a peripheral nerve stimulator?
Used to monitor the level of neuromuscular blockade by delivering a series of painless electrical impulses.
What is the method of managing difficult airway?
Important techniques include backward, upward, rightward (BURP), direct cricoid pressure (Sellick maneuver), and optimal external laryngeal manipulation (OELM).
What are the signs of anaphylactic shock?
Rash, abnormal lung sounds, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
What is the treatment for hypovolemic shock?
Restoring total intravascular volume through fluid resuscitation.
What is the importance of monitoring ventilation and perfusion?
Ensures adequate oxygen exchange in the body's tissues and measures adequacy of ventilation.
What is the function of a laryngoscope?
Instrument used to visualize the vocal cords and assist with intubation.
What is the purpose of using an anesthesia face mask?
Delivery of positive-pressure ventilation with anesthetic gas and oxygen.
What is the main focus of airway management during anesthesia?
To ensure that the patient maintains adequate ventilation.
What devices are used for invasive monitoring?
Invasive intravascular devices such as pulmonary artery catheters and arterial catheters.
What does the term 'anesthesia workstation' refer to?
A complex biotechnological device used in patient monitoring, respiratory function assessment, and inhalation anesthetics administration.
What are the three techniques for managing a difficult airway?
Backward, upward, rightward (BURP), direct cricoid pressure (CP), and optimal external laryngeal manipulation (OELM).
What measures the electrical activity of the heart, which is projected into a waveform?
Electrocardiography (ECG)
What is the digital sensor that detects oxygen saturation in hemoglobin by spectrometry?
Pulse oximeter
Laryngospasm constitutes an emergency when an airway cannot be immediately established by ———- ventilation
positive pressure
What requires the ACP to administer sedative and anxiolytic drugs as needed?
Monitored anesthesia care (MAC)
What is the injection of anesthetic into superficial tissues to produce a small area of anesthesia?
Local infiltration anesthesia
Spasm of the larynx usually is associated with airway secretions or stimulation of the laryngeal nerve during intubation or ———
extubation
What is necessary during general anesthesia to manipulate the body wall and other tissues within the operative site?
Adequate muscle relaxation
What do we call the termination of anesthesia and the process of regaining consciousness?
Emergence
What type of anesthesia is achieved by injecting anesthetic around a major nerve or group of nerves?
Regional block anesthesia
What anesthesia can be used in a small, superficial area or in an entire region of the body?
Regional anesthesia
What state allows the patient to respond to verbal commands?
Minimal sedation
What type of anesthesia is induced with ketamine that blocks sensory neurotransmission?
Dissociative anesthesia
What term describes sedation used for short procedures that do not require deep anesthesia?
Conscious sedation
What unit is the patient transferred to when stable after surgery?
Postanesthesia recovery unit (PACU)
What is treated with mechanical ventilation or administration of succinylcholine to paralyze muscles?
Laryngospasm
What is required preoperatively to minimize aspiration of gastric contents during general anesthesia?
Perioperative Fasting
In a state of well-being, what does the body respond to maintain life?
stimuli
What is a complex device used in patient monitoring and administration of inhalation anesthetics?
Anesthesia machine
What is the patient’s inability to recall events after drug administration called?
Anterograde amnesia
How are patients undergoing conscious sedation monitored?
Continuously
