AP Psych Hormones & Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and arousal

GABA

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

Substance P

Involved in pain perception and immune response

Acetylcholine (ACh)

With Alzheimer's disease, (blank)-producing neurons deteriorate.

Dopamine

Oversupply linked to schizophrenia. Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease.

Serotonin

Undersupply linked to depression. Some drugs that raise (blank) levels are used to treat depression.

Norepinephrine

Undersupply can depress mood.

GABA

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

Glutamate

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures.

Endorphins

Oversupply with opioid drugs can suppress the body's natural (blank) supply.

Substance P

Oversupply can lead to chronic pain.

Adrenaline

Triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

Leptin

Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger and signaling satiety (feeling full) to the brain.

Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage by signaling hunger to the brain.

Melatonin

Regulates the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm) and promotes sleep in response to darkness.

Oxytocin

Plays a role in social bonding, trust, emotional connection, and childbirth/lactation.