Lab Quiz 4 Review - DNA Structure and Genetics

Flashcards covering key concepts and vocabulary from Lab Quiz 4 on DNA structure and genetics.

DNA

A molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Conservative Replication

A model of DNA replication in which the original double helix is preserved, and an entirely new copy is created.

Semi-Conservative Replication

The model of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one original and one new strand.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify DNA, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA segment.

Electrophoresis

A method used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric field.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells.

Allele

Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.

Homozygous

An individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Heterozygous

An individual with two different alleles for a particular gene.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, represented by the alleles that it possesses.

Chi-Square Test

A statistical method used to determine if observed data fits expected genetic ratios.

Null Hypothesis

A statement that there is no effect or no difference, which is tested to determine validity.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to genetic diversity.

Independent Assortment

The principle that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response, often used in the context of blood types.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.