Nutrition Chapter 14: Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy

briefly discuss embryonic development

Placenta- baby's blood vessels next to moms blood vessels. Exchange of nutrients and wastes.

Zygote- product of fertilization

Blastocyst- the developing baby, 5 days after fertilization. Has two parts: one part that becomes a placenta and the inner cell mass becomes the baby. Blastocyst travels down the uterus and implants in the uterus.

Implantation is when the blastocyst travels and attaches to the uterine wall and that's when pregnancy officially begins.

Embryo- up to 8 weeks after conception (T/F question)

Fetus- 8 weeks to birth (T/F question)

Gestation- the time from conception to birth; 38-42 weeks. The pregnancy.

discuss energy and protein requirements during pregnancy

extra 300 calories, extra 25g/day protein

discuss vitamins required during pregnancy

Folate (prevents neural tube defects), B12, Iron (blood production and cell growth is what B12 and Iron is very very important for)

for a normal weight individual, the recommended weight gain is an average ___________________ for a pregnant female

30 lbs

EXTRA CREDIT: what comprises that 30lb weight gain?

2lb breast, 4lb mother's fluid volume, placenta is 1.5 pounds

Discuss some problems associated with pregnancy

nausea- small frequent meals, avoid milk coffee or tea

constipation- fiber rich foods, 8 glasses or liquids/day (can be caused by extra iron supplement)

heartburn- small meals, elevate head at night, wait one hour before lying down

Know the most important indicator of a baby's future health

the child's birth weight: 5.5 pounds or less is a low birth weight

Diabetes and pregnancy

Diabetes (preexisting)- glucose control key

Gestational Diabetes- abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (risk factors: >35 years old) after the baby is born, mom goes back to normal glucose but she's put at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes in the future

Hypertension and pregnancy

Transient Hypertension- 2nd hald of pregnancy, mild

Pre-eclampsia- hi bp, protein in urine, whole body edema

Eclampsia- severe stage of pre-eclampsia; seizures and coma; can lead to death of the mother

Gestational diabetes

abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (risk factors: >35 years old) after the baby is born, mom goes back to normal glucose but she's put at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes in the future

pre-eclampsia

hi blood pressure, protein in urine, whole body edema

teratogens

compounds that cause birth defects (interfere with mitosis)

discuss various practices incompatible with pregnancy (SHORT ANSWER: discuss 2 or 3 practices that ar incompatible with pregnancy)

smoking and chewing tobacco (increases risk for SIDS), women have to be careful with their fish intake because of mercury contamination, pregnant women must avoid unpasteurized cheeses and deli meats because they can harbor listeria (bacteria), alcohol (FAS), thalidomide (1960s europe, drug approved for morning sickness; babies were born with missing arms), other drugs, caffeine (increases risk for miscarriage), avoid sugar substitutes like aspartame

lactation

milk production; an automatic physiological process (triggered by oxytocin and prolactin). Breastfeeding is a learned behavior.

breast milk

breastmilk and infant formula have about the same nutrient content, but infant formula does not provide immunological protection that brestmilk does.

colostrum

a part of breastmilk an antibody rich solution produced for several days after delivery of the baby, it is very concentrated

discuss FAS

caused by mom's intake of alcohol during pregnancy, can lead to developmental delays in the child.

Breast Feeding

Requires extra 500 Cal/Day