Physiology Lecture 11- Autonomic Nervous System

efferent

the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are apart of the _____ division

autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are apart of the ____ _____ ____

Sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord, example is in the Dorsal Root Gangion

somatic efferent system

The _____ ____ _____ is composed of motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles

31

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

Dermatomes

an area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

spinal nerves

you can map ___ ___ based on dermatomes

Shingles

this disease can help see dermatomes when they are active

Two neuron system

the autonomic nerve pathway is composed of this system,

Autonomic gangion

this is a cluster of postganglionic neurons

Sympathetic ganglia

nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, they are paravertebral (ventral and lateral to the spinal cord)

Sympathetic nervous system

this is the divison of the autonomic nervous system that is the "fight or flight" system

Parasympathetic nervous system

this is the divison of the autonomic nervous system that is the "rest and digest" nervous system

Thoracic and lumbar

Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ____ region(s) of the spinal cord.

Cranial and Sacral

Parasympathetic nerves arise from the _________region(s) of the spinal cord/other ganglia

Both

Most organs are innervated by ________________(sympathetic/parasympathetic/both/neither) nerve fibers

Short, long

For sympathetic nerve fibers in the two neuron system, the preganglionic fibers are __________(short/long), and the postganglionic fibers are _________(short/long)

Long, short

For parasympathetic nerve fibers in the two neuron system, the preganglionic fibers are __________(short/long), and the postganglionic fibers are _________(short/long)

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine

these three neurotransmitters are what are used in the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system

ACh

The preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system relesase this neurotransmitter

ACh

The postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic nervous system releases this neurotransmitter

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

the post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system release these two neurotransmitters

L-tyrosine (converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine)

the synthesis of Norepinephrine and epinephrine start with this molecule

Otto Loewi

this guy thought of an experiment in a dream that said that something is released to stimulate the heart, where he got fluid from a donor heart and added it to a recipeint heart to see if the heart rate slowed

Sweat glands

the sympathetic postganglionic neurons of most of these release ACh to activate mAChR, despite them normally releasing Epi or Norepi at other organs in the body, such as in areas of thick skin, palms, and plantar surfaces of the feet (hairless)

Adrenal glands

these sit on the kidney like a small hat, and help release epinephrine and norepinephrine

Specialized sympathetic ganglion

the adrenal medulla is only innervated by preganglionic nerve fibers, so it is considered this

Adrenal cortex

this is devoted to the production fo corticosteroids and androgen hormones

Adrenal medulla

This secretes the catecholamines, epinephrine (80%), and norepinephrine (20%) into the bloodstream

sympathetic

Adrenal release of Epi and NE serves as a broad system _______ stimulation

sympathetic preganglonic

The adrenal medulla receives cholinergic ____ ______ fibers originating in the thoracic spinal cord from T5-T11

sympathetic ganglion

Because it is innervated by preganglionic nerve fibers, the adrenal medulla can be considered as a specialized _____ _____ (ie postganglionic neuron)

M1, M3, M5, alpha-1

these mAChRs and/or adrenergic receptors are all Gq pathways

• Q is an “odd” letter so it corresponds to the odd numbers

M2, M4, alpha-2

these mAChRs and/or adrenergic receptors are all Gi pathways

• IQ is high when using muscarinic receptors (Gi and Gq use muscarinic receptors 1-5, Gs is adrenergic beta receptors)

Beta-1, Beta-2

these mAChRs and/or adrenergic receptors are all Gs pathways

Beta-1

what kind of receptor is activated by sympathetic activation in the heart?

increased HR and contrasction: b1

Sympathetic activation of the heart

decreased HR: m2

parasympathetic activation of the heart

vasodilation: b2

vasoconstriction: a1

sympathetic activation of the vasculature

little direct effect

parasympathetic activation of the vasculature

decreased motility: a1, a2, b2

sympathetic activation of the GI tract

increased motility: M3

parasympathetic activation of the GI tract

dilation of the pupils: a1

can see more

sympathetic activation of the eye pupils

constriction of the pupils: M3

dont need to see as much

parasympathetic activation of the eye pupils

bronchodilation: b2

take in more oxygen

sympathetic activation of the bronchioles

bronchoconstriction: M2/3

parasympathetic activation of the bronchioles

relaxation: b2

retaining so you dont have to stop and pee

sympathetic activation of the bladder

contraction:M3

empties bladder

parasympathetic activation of the bladder

controls ejaculation/organismic contractions: a1

sympathetic activation of the genitals

premotes erection of erectile tissue 

parasympathetic activation of the genitals

contraction

in cardiac muscle, increased PKA activation =

relaxation

in smooth muscle, increased PKA activation =