Phonetics: Exam 1

chapters 1-4, i think?

Phonetics

study of the perception and production of speech sounds (including motor and acoustic properties)

Phoneme

any vocalization that is considered speech

International Phonetic Alphabet

represents the sounds of words, not their spellings

Graphemes

alphabetic letters

Phonetic alphabet

maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular letter

42

How many English speech sounds does the IPA have?

Allographs

different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound

Diagraphs

pairs of letters often represent one sound because there are simply not enough single alphabet letters to

Silent letters

letters that are present in words, but don’t make a sound

Morpheme

the smallest unit of language capable of conveying meaning

Minimal pairs

words that vary only by one phoneme

Free variation

some allophones are not linked to phonetic context; depend of speaker’s individual production

Words

composed of one or more syllables and at least one vowel

Onset

consonant before the nucleus

Rime

nucleus + the coda

Nucleus

vowel

Coda

consonant after the nucleus

Open syllables

end with a vowel (no coda)

Closed syllables

end with a consonant (have a coda)

Word class

what part of speech a word is

Primary stress

In words with more than one syllable there will be one syllable produced with the greatest force or the greatest muscular energy

Broad transcription

(systematic phonemic transcription); makes no attempt at allophonic variation; SLASHES

Systematic arrow transcription

(allophonic transcription); uses specialized symbols, called diacritics to show modification in the production of a vowel or consonant during transcription; BRACKETS

Impressionistic transcription

sed when transcribing an unknown sound, such as language with which you are not familar or a child with a severe speech delay

Vowels

speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, and that serves as the nucleus of a syllable

Monothong

A pure vowel comprised of a single sound element

Diphthong

A vowel that involves movement of the articulators during production, resulting in a blend of two sound elements

Onglide

First element of a diphthong

Offglide

Second element of a diphthong

Tongue height

Refers to vertical position of tongue body

High vowels

produced with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth

Low vowels

produced with a depressed tongue