BIOLOOGY UNIT 6

GRADE 9

Nucleotide

a small molecules (a lego)

3 pieces of Nucleotides

Phosphate, Sugar, Base

Nucleotides have which elements

Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbon

Nitrogenous Bases that makeup DNA

Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

Nitrogenous Bases that make up RNA

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil

Buddies of DNA bases

Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine

Buddies of RNA bases

Adenine and Uracil Cytosine and Guanine

2 different starnds of DNA run in which direction

opposite directions

What are the strands held together by for DNA

By hydrogen bonds

Why are the types of bonds useful for DNA?

Because they can be easily created and broken. This is essential because 2 DNA strands need to seprate to create new DNA.

where do the 2 original strands of DNA end up?

end up on the outside of the new strands of DNA

process of DNA copying is called

semi conservative repliation one strand is conserved in each new molecule, there is one original strand.

genome

all of the information to build you each cell has 2 copies of the genome

where is genome stored

the genome is stored in the nucleus of the cell as chromosomes

What do chromosomes contain

many genes

every 3 groups of nucleotides is called

Codon

chromosome

500 genes

gene

has 3000 codons

Why is DNA important

it contains the instructions for making all of our proteins

How to make a protein

the instructions is DNA are copied into RNA which is uses to build the protein

What is the transfer of genetic information using different molecules is called

central dogma of molecular biology

Steps to make a protein inside the cell

1.gene is copied into a temporary message process called transcription 2.temporary message called messenger (mRNA) can leave nucleus and attract to a ribosome 3. the ribosome uses tRNA to read the message and make a protein

Two different types of RNA nescessary for the processes

mRNA tRNA

Which type of RNA can leave the nucleus while the DNA cannot

mRNA

where does mRNA deliver copies of the DNA code to

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins

TRANSLATION

mRNA code being translated into an amino scid sequence

Mutations

changes mafe to the DNA that can alter the information that the DNA

What do mutatations result in?

Wrong proteins to be made at the end of translation

What is no change in amino acid sequence is not seen called?

SILENT Mutation

Missense Mutation

When altering of DNA’s information changes the amino acid sequence

Nonsense Mutation

Altering of the DNA’s information causes a premature STOP codon

Insertation

adding a base

deletion

taking a base out

Frameshift Mutation

Insertation, Deletion

Subsitution

changing a base

mRNA is

nucleic acid

Allele

A version or form of a gene (dominantvs.recessive)

Genotype

What the genes say (DNA says)

Capital letter means

Dominant

Small letter means

recessive

Homozygous

2 capital letters

Heterozygous

Big letter little letter

Phenotype

what the organism physically looks like or how the trait physically presents itself (we can see brown hair or long fingers.etc.)

Law of Dominance

some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

Dominant allele will

show up in the phenotype

Recessive allele wil

be expressed only if no dominant allele is present (rr)

Mendels law of segregation

alleles will seprate when sex cells (gametes) are formed and they will go to different sex cells

law of independent assortment

alleles of two or more genes get sorted independently into gametes from one another

Polygenic Traits

more han one gene affect them, even the environment of the organism can have an effects on the phenotype

Codominance

type of inheritance in which there are two alleles that can be shown in a heterozygous individual

Incomplete Dominance

a type of inheritance where tje dominant allele does not completely dominate the recessive and an “inbetween” is reached in heterozygous individuals

Human Blood

A→ Dominant AB(universal)→ Codominant B→ Dominant O(universal)→ Recessive

Sex linked traits

traits that are found on the sex chromosomes of the genome passing of alleles from parent to offspring determined by sex (still follow dominant and recessive rules)