Studied by 4 people
Nucleotide
a small molecules (a lego)
3 pieces of Nucleotides
Phosphate, Sugar, Base
Nucleotides have which elements
Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbon
Nitrogenous Bases that makeup DNA
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
Nitrogenous Bases that make up RNA
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil
Buddies of DNA bases
Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine
Buddies of RNA bases
Adenine and Uracil Cytosine and Guanine
2 different starnds of DNA run in which direction
opposite directions
What are the strands held together by for DNA
By hydrogen bonds
Why are the types of bonds useful for DNA?
Because they can be easily created and broken. This is essential because 2 DNA strands need to seprate to create new DNA.
where do the 2 original strands of DNA end up?
end up on the outside of the new strands of DNA
process of DNA copying is called
semi conservative repliation one strand is conserved in each new molecule, there is one original strand.
genome
all of the information to build you each cell has 2 copies of the genome
where is genome stored
the genome is stored in the nucleus of the cell as chromosomes
What do chromosomes contain
many genes
every 3 groups of nucleotides is called
Codon
chromosome
500 genes
gene
has 3000 codons
Why is DNA important
it contains the instructions for making all of our proteins
How to make a protein
the instructions is DNA are copied into RNA which is uses to build the protein
What is the transfer of genetic information using different molecules is called
central dogma of molecular biology
Steps to make a protein inside the cell
1.gene is copied into a temporary message process called transcription 2.temporary message called messenger (mRNA) can leave nucleus and attract to a ribosome 3. the ribosome uses tRNA to read the message and make a protein
Two different types of RNA nescessary for the processes
mRNA tRNA
Which type of RNA can leave the nucleus while the DNA cannot
mRNA
where does mRNA deliver copies of the DNA code to
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins
TRANSLATION
mRNA code being translated into an amino scid sequence
Mutations
changes mafe to the DNA that can alter the information that the DNA
What do mutatations result in?
Wrong proteins to be made at the end of translation
What is no change in amino acid sequence is not seen called?
SILENT Mutation
Missense Mutation
When altering of DNA’s information changes the amino acid sequence
Nonsense Mutation
Altering of the DNA’s information causes a premature STOP codon
Insertation
adding a base
deletion
taking a base out
Frameshift Mutation
Insertation, Deletion
Subsitution
changing a base
mRNA is
nucleic acid
Allele
A version or form of a gene (dominantvs.recessive)
Genotype
What the genes say (DNA says)
Capital letter means
Dominant
Small letter means
recessive
Homozygous
2 capital letters
Heterozygous
Big letter little letter
Phenotype
what the organism physically looks like or how the trait physically presents itself (we can see brown hair or long fingers.etc.)
Law of Dominance
some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
Dominant allele will
show up in the phenotype
Recessive allele wil
be expressed only if no dominant allele is present (rr)
Mendels law of segregation
alleles will seprate when sex cells (gametes) are formed and they will go to different sex cells
law of independent assortment
alleles of two or more genes get sorted independently into gametes from one another
Polygenic Traits
more han one gene affect them, even the environment of the organism can have an effects on the phenotype
Codominance
type of inheritance in which there are two alleles that can be shown in a heterozygous individual
Incomplete Dominance
a type of inheritance where tje dominant allele does not completely dominate the recessive and an “inbetween” is reached in heterozygous individuals
Human Blood
A→ Dominant AB(universal)→ Codominant B→ Dominant O(universal)→ Recessive
Sex linked traits
traits that are found on the sex chromosomes of the genome passing of alleles from parent to offspring determined by sex (still follow dominant and recessive rules)
