Psych 1001 - Final Exam - Learning, Memory, Thought and Language

Acquisition

The formation of a conditioned response during the initial stage of learning.

Extinction

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response tendency.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to new stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Shaping

A process where small steps are taken and reinforced to achieve a bigger target behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior by adding something positive in response to the desired behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior by removing something unpleasant in response to the desired behavior.

Punishment

A consequence that aims to reduce the likelihood of an undesirable response.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which a response initially triggered by one stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairings.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember the first piece of information encountered better than later information.

Recency Effect

The tendency to recall the most recent information more accurately.

Memory Consolidation

The transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

An anxiety disorder caused by trauma exposure or stressful events.

SUD (Substance Use Disorder)

The overuse or dependence on a substance, detrimental to physical and mental health.

Public Safety Personnel (PSP)

Professionals like police officers, firefighters, and paramedics who are at risk for operational stress injuries.

Self-medication Theory

The theory that individuals use substances to alleviate symptoms of PTSD.

Co-morbidity

The simultaneous presence of PTSD and SUD, often linked with internalizing and externalizing stress.

Sequential Model of Treatment

A treatment approach where SUD is treated first and PTSD treatment is deferred until abstinence is achieved.

Integrated Model of Treatment

A treatment approach that addresses both SUD and PTSD concurrently.

Causal Model

A model explaining the relationship between high-risk behavior and substance use leading to increased trauma exposure.

Stigmatization

The negative perception of individuals based on certain characteristics or attributes.

Memory Errors (The 7 Sins)

Common types of mistakes in memory processing including transience, absentmindedness, and misattribution.

What is language?

Language is a system of symbols and rules used for communication, consisting of spoken, written, or signed forms.