ap bio semester 1

Flashcards of vocabulary terms.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion; measurement of motion is heat.

Thermocline

The difference in temperature within a body of water like a lake.

Turnover (in lakes)

Turnover occurs when the water on top is denser compared to water on the bottom, leading to oxygen moving to the bottom, nutrients move to the top.

Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O; process that occurs in living organisms.

Kinetic Energy

Temperature is the measurement of this, as it is heat.

Niche

The location and role an organism has within its environment; its job.

Parasitism

Taking away resources, but not enough to kill the host (but does weaken it).

Shannon Diversity Index

Allows quantification of diversity within an ecosystem.

Dominant Species

Species with the highest biomass and major influence on an ecosystem.

Keystone Species

A species that has a major role in an ecosystem as a result of its niche; unique role no other organism can fulfill.

Invasive Species

Organism lacks resistance to these because it does not know how to consume it.

Ectotherm

Regulates temperature by what's happening outside of them.

Prokaryotes

Do not have membrane-bound organelles, and therefore are smaller.

Primary Productivity

Light energy converted to chemical energy for a food web.

GPP (Gross Primary Production)

Light energy -> chemical energy per unit/time.

NPP (Net Primary Production)

Storage available to consumers; amount of new biomass added.

NPP Equation

NPP = GPP - R (total biomass accumulation).

Stomata

CO2 goes into plants via these.

Detritus

Organisms eat this, and it is respirated.

Carbon Cycle

Organisms die, detritivores eat detritus which is respirated.

Nitrogen Fixers

Takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and puts it into plant.

Phosphorus

Mineral that comes from rocks, ends up in body of water and is used in ATP and nucleic acids.

Introduced Species

Non-native species that move to new locations with our help, either intentional or not.

Source

Making the CO2/glucose (carbon).

Sink

Where carbon moves to. (ex: roots) product of source goes.

Trophic Efficiency

Percentage of production that is assimilated and passed on.

Electronegative

Describes how many electron it needs; how greedy it is.

Cation

Positive ion.

Anion

Negative ion.

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Organic chemistry focuses on these elements.

Atomic Number

Number that tells us protons and electrons.

Neutral pH

Equal concentration of H+ and OH-.

Acids

Proton donors.

Bases

Proton acceptors.

Negative Charge

If you are positive, you will be attracted to this.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds where electrons are shared.

Hydrogen Bonds

Bonds that determine water molecules.

Oxygen needs two electrons, so it connects with something and hydrogen.

Dehydration synthesis

Protons and Neutrons

Molecular mass measures this.

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other.

Adhesion

Water sticks to something else.

Surface Tension

Measure of how difficult to stretch/break liquid's surface.

Heat

Measure of total kinetic energy due to molecular motion.

Temperature

Measures intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy of molecules.

Heat of Vaporization

Heat needed to convert 1g of it from liquid → gas.

Evaporative Cooling

Cooling of liquid’s surface when it evaporates.

Water is Insulation

Water expands when frozen because…

Hydrophilic

Ions and polar compounds

Acid

Increasing h+ concentration.

Power of Hydrogen, pH

Acidity is measured by its…

pH 7

Most cells are around this pH.

Buffers

These prevent changes in pH by accepting or donating h+.

Water Potential

Ice lots of potential energy, water less.

Lipids

Organic molecule composed of mostly C's and H's and will not be attracted to charged molecules.

Cis-Trans Isomers

Double bonds between carbons restrict free rotation Cis = x on same side of the double bond. Trans = x are on opposite sides.

Enantiomer Isomers

Mirror images of each other.

Carboxyl Group

Composed of a hydroxyl and carbonyl group; electronegative and acidic.

Ester Linkage

Lipids are linked with these.

Saturated Fats

Unhealthy and can lead to astherosclosis.

Unsaturated Fats

Have double bonds; most plant fats (fish, oil, corn, peanut).

Cholesterol

Act as glue and spacer in membrane to keep it from being not too solid/fluid.

R-Group

Variable group for amino acids.

Primary Structure

Simply peptide bonds (non-folded chain of amino acids).

Secondary Structure

Alpha-helix/beta-pleated sheets (due to hydrogen bonds).

Tertiary Structure

Made possible by bonds with r-groups (ionic, covalent, hydrogen, hydrophobic, etc.) and the overall shape of polypeptide.

Quaternary Structure

Several polypeptide chains come together to make one protein.

Trans Fats Bond

Dictated by hydrogenation.

Nucleic Acids

Phosphodiester linkages between sugars and phosphates (nucleotides).

Denature

Loses natural formation and becomes biologically inactive.

Nucleotide

Phosphate + sugar + base (all strong coalently bonded. cannot be broken apart).

Nuclear Lamina

Protects nuclear envelope.

Nucleolus

Synthesizes RNA and ribosomes.

Flagella and Cilia

Structures for movement.

Bones

Plants don’t need this because they have a cell wall and vacuoles filled with water.

Glycolipids and Glicoproteins

Act as markers for the membrane.

ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Continuous with nuclear membrane/envelope. stuff around nucleus runs into ER. whatever happens in nucleus has straight shot into ER.

Smooth ER

No ribosomes.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes, and distributes transport vesicles. Synthesizes secretary proteins (glycoproteins).

Golgi Apparatus Functions

Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping from ER. Transport to vesicles.

Lysosomes

Sac of hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting macromolecules.Pumps h+ from cytosol.

Mitochondria

Has two membranes – each with own proteins. Inner foldings = cristae; create large surface area.

Chloroplasts

Contains chrlorlphyll in thylakoid membrane, for photosynthesis.

Microtubules

Largest tubles, that can break and reform. In cilia and flagella and chromosomes. used in Cell Division

Intermediate Filaments

Middles ones in size, that cannot break and reform. Strong (cannot break) to protect nucleus; dna is imp. and must be protected.

Integral Protein

A membrane protein that goes all the way through the cell membrane.

Signal Transduction

Allows communication between cells.

High Solute Concentration

In osmosis, water is moving to dilute…

Facilitated Diffusion

Protein facilitates movement, but requires no energy for transport.

Active Transport

The movement from low to high concentration, requiring energy.

Antibiotics

Having slight differences between gram +/- affects…

Flagellum

Has 42 proteins + 19 other proteins that perform other tasks. Exaptation is displayed here.

Exaptation

Structures originally adapted for one purpose takes on new purpose through evolution.

Small Air Bladders (in seaweed)

These keep the branches afloat. when it is afloat, leaves can be upright and absorb light for photosynthesis

Shoots

Above ground; utilize c02 + sunlight → photosynthesis.

Roots

Help plant get water and nutrients from soil Hypertonic do diffusion.

Root Hairs

Extension of epidermis for water and mineral absorption.

Epidermis

tightly packed cells (prevents water loss).

Xylem

Conducts water and minerals from roots to shoots.

Phloem

Transports sugars from leaves to roots, fruits, and shoots. source → sink.

Water Potential (More Solute)

Solutes bind to h20 and decrease h20 movement.