Enzymes - AP Bio Unit 3

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Metabolism

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31 Terms

1

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell/organism

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2

Metabolic Pathway

A series of steps in which a molecule is altered to create a product; each step is catalyzed by an enzyme

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3

Catabolic Pathway

A series of chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simple ones

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4

Cellular Respiration

Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen into ATP

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5

Anabolic Pathway

consumes energy to create complex molecules from simpler ones; helps organize universe

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6

Bioenergetics

study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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7

Enzyme

A catalytic protein that speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy

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8

Catalyst

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

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9

Substrate

the reactant that is acted on by the enzyme. enzyme binds to this.

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10

Active Site

the region where the enzyme and the substrate binds. Substrate. must have complimentary shape to this in order to fit.

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11

Induced Fit

brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

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12

Activation Energy

Initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction (ex: thermal energy from environment)

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13

Endergonic

chemical reactions that require a net input of energy (for forming stuff)

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14

Exergonic

chemical reactions that require a net loss of energy (for breaking stuff apart)

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15

Denaturation

loss a protein’s shape, native structure or conformation; Makes them biologically inactive; can be reversed sometimes (enzymes cannot catalyze when this occurs)

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16

pH

a factor that can alter protein structure due to high concentration of protons —> alters hydrogen bonds in protein = loss of secondary & tertiary structure

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17

temperature

a factor that can alter protein structure by increasing amount of kinetic = more collisions, but reaction rate decreases after hitting max

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18

concentration

a factor that alter reaction rate if there are too many enzymes, not enough substrate (vice versa)

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19

inhibition

Cells stop producing molecules when it’s demand is met or homeostasis is restored

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20

Negative feedback

allows cell to avoid wasting energy/resources; the product of the pathway inhibits the process responsible for production

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21

Competitive inhibitors

binds to the active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate

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22

Noncompetitive inhibitors

binds to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape making the active site less effective

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23

Allosteric regulation

either inhibits or stimulates an enzyme’s activity; Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function on another site

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24

Thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations

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25

First law of thermodynamics

energy of the universe is constant; Energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed

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26

Second law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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27

Cellular Thermodynamics

Living cells convert organized forms of energy into heat

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28

Spontaneous processes

processes that occur without energy input; happen very quickly or slowly; increases the entropy of the universe

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29

Catabolic pathway

in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions; are how cells perform work

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30

Energy coupling

how cells manage energy resources in order to do work; using an exergonic process to drive/power a endergonic one (usually mediated by ATP)

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31

ATP

A renewable source of energy that is composed of a ribose sugar, adenine (a nitrogenous base) and three phosphate groups. Energy is released when its tail is broken

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