NOT DONE Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests

USP Dissolution Apparatus Types, Noyes-Whitney Equation

Flashcards PSY100, Term Test 1, Paul Whissell, UofT.

PSY100, Term Test 1, Paul Whissell, UofT.

Learn: PSY100, Term Test 1, Paul Whissell, UofT.

UNIT 3_Imperialism and WWI_Key Terms

Whiskeys

Learn: PSY100, Term Test 1, Paul Whissell, UofT.

Officer Ranks - TALONS #2 Quiz - Whiskey Flight

AFROTC Ranks - TALONS #2 Quiz - Whiskey Flight

DET 157 Cadre - TALONS #2 Quiz - Whiskey Flight

Chain of Command - TALONS #2 Quiz - Whiskey Flight

Unit 3 Northwest Territory: Location - The region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River (modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) Settlement expectations - Orderly Grid System: Land was grid-surveyed into square townships (36 square miles) to prevent chaotic land claims. Section 16 of each township was reserved to fund public education. Path to Statehood: Established a 3-stage process for territories to achieve statehood on equal footing with the original 13 states once they reached 60,000 free inhabitants. Civil Liberties & Prohibitions: Guaranteed trial by jury and freedom of religion. Crucially, it banned slavery north of the Ohio River, setting the first federal geographic boundary on the institution. Articles of Confederation: structure of government - A unicameral (one-house) legislature. There was no executive branch (no president to enforce laws) and no national judiciary to settle interstate legal conflicts. importance of Congress - Congress was the sole body of national power. Each state received exactly one vote, meaning small states held equal power to large states Weaknesses - No power to tax: Congress could only request money from states. No power to regulate commerce: Led to interstate tariff wars. Rigid thresholds: Passing major laws required a 9/13 supermajority; amending the Articles required a 13/13 unanimous vote. No standing national army: Left the government defenseless against foreign threats or domestic rebellion. Shay’s Rebellion: Causes - Western Massachusetts farmers (many Revolutionary War veterans) faced heavy state taxes, severe post-war economic depression, and foreclosures on their farms by coastal merchants and courts. Led by Daniel Shays, they shut down debt courts. Outcomes - The weak central government was unable to raise an army to suppress the rebellion; a privately funded state militia finally stopped it. This exposed the profound weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, spreading fear of "mobocracy" among elites and directly prompting the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Whiskey Rebellion: Causes - Poor western Pennsylvania farmers protested an excise tax on whiskey enacted by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to pay off national war debts. Whiskey was used as currency and a primary way to market surplus grain. Unique elements - Unlike Shays' Rebellion, President George Washington invoked his new constitutional powers and personally led a massive federalized militia of 13,000 troops to crush the insurrection. Effects - Demonstrating the immense contrast with Shays' Rebellion, it proved that the new federal government under the Constitution possessed the executive power to enforce federal laws and suppress domestic insurrections. It solidified federal authority but alienated westerners, bolstering the nascent Democratic-Republican opposition. Structure of US Government under Constitution – separation of power - Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces laws), and Judicial (interprets laws) checks and balances - A system allowing branches to limit the actions of others. Examples: The President can veto congressional legislation; Congress can override a veto or impeach the President; the Senate must approve judicial nominations. Federalism - The constitutional division and sharing of political power between the national (federal) government and the individual state governments. popular sovereignty - The principle that political power resides with the people, who sustain government legitimacy through consent via elected representatives. supremacy clause - Article VI; Establishes that the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and treaties constitute the "supreme law of the land," overriding conflicting state laws. Issue of slavery: who supported - Southern delegates (e.g., South Carolina, Georgia) fiercely protected slavery as vital to their agrarian, plantation economies. who opposed - Many Northern delegates opposed slavery or its expansion, but prioritized national unity and economic concessions over immediate abolition. position taken by the Founders - The Founders chose pragmatic compromise over moral resolution to keep the Southern states in the Union. They conspicuously avoided using the words "slave" or "slavery" in the text but protected the institution through: Three-Fifths Compromise: Counted 60% of a state’s enslaved population for both congressional representation and federal taxation. Slave Trade Clause: Prohibited Congress from banning the international slave trade for 20 years (until 1808). Fugitive Slave Clause: Required free states to return escaped enslaved laborers to their owners. Concepts debated by Federalist and Anti-Federalists during and after Washington’s presidency; be familiar with people associated with each party Era/Context Federalists Anti-Federalists/Democratic-Republicans Ratification Debate (1787-1788) Supported the Constitution. Wanted a strong central government to maintain order. Written defenses: The Federalist Papers. Opposed the Constitution. Feared a strong central government would mimic British tyranny and squash individual rights. Demanded a Bill of Rights. First Party System (1790s) Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party Key Leaders Alexander Hamilton, John Adams. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison. Constitutional Interpretation Loose constructionism (broad use of the "elastic/necessary and proper" clause). Strict constructionism (the federal government only has powers explicitly stated in the Constitution). Core Vision Urban, commercial, manufacturing hub; pro-British foreign policy; favored a National Bank. Agrarian republic of independent farmers; pro-French foreign policy; opposed the National Bank. John Adams’ Domestic and Foreign Policy – Naturalization Act, Alien and Sedition Acts, XYZ Affair XYZ Affair (1797): French privateers began seizing American merchant ships. Adams sent diplomats to Paris, where three French agents (dubbed X, Y, and Z) demanded massive bribes before negotiating. This sparked anti-French outrage across America and triggered the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war. Naturalization Act (1798): Increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. This was designed to target French and Irish immigrants, who heavily voted Democratic-Republican. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798): Alien Act: Authorized the president to deport any non-citizen deemed dangerous to national peace. Sedition Act: Made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials. Adams used it to jail Democratic-Republican newspaper editors. Marbury v. Madison, McCullough v. Maryland Marbury v. Madison (1803): Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with the Constitution. This established the doctrine of Judicial Review, cementing the Supreme Court's power to declare federal laws unconstitutional. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Maryland attempted to tax the Second Bank of the United States. The Marshall Court ruled that: The Bank was constitutional via the Implied Powers of the Necessary and Proper Clause. States cannot tax federal institutions ("the power to tax involves the power to destroy"), reaffirming Federal Supremacy. Short Answer: (These are all straight from google overview, just as an fyi) a) Explain the concerns for the nation Washington expressed in his Farewell Address and how they became issues during and immediately following his terms in office. In his 1796 Farewell Address, George Washington explicitly warned the young nation against two main existential threats: the rise of factions (political parties) and entering into permanent foreign alliances. Despite his warnings, both issues immediately fractured the nation during and after his presidency. Domestically, the fierce ideological rift between Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists and Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans hardened into America’s first permanent political party system. Externally, the ongoing geopolitical conflict of the French Revolution forced America to take sides. While Washington issued a Neutrality Proclamation in 1793, foreign entanglements escalated under John Adams, whose administration was consumed by the XYZ Affair and the resulting Quasi-War with France. b) Evaluate the issues associated with Adams’ Alien and Sedition Acts. The primary constitutional and political issue of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 was their weaponization for partisan suppression, which directly violated civil liberties. The Sedition Act explicitly restricted freedom of speech and the press by criminalizing criticism of the federal government, drawing widespread condemnation for violating the First Amendment. Furthermore, Federalists utilized these acts to aggressively target their political opponents, arresting Democratic-Republican editors who criticized Adams’ anti-French foreign policies. In response to this perceived federal tyranny, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison anonymously penned the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. These documents introduced the radical constitutional theory of nullification, arguing that sovereign states had the right to declare federal laws null and void within their borders, setting a dangerous precedent for future states' rights crises. LEQ – Be able to analyze the 4 areas of concern presented at the Constitutional Convention, including the arguments made by Federalists and Anti-Federalists, as well as the agreements reached that were included in the Constitution. Thesis Statement: Although delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 originally gathered to revise the weak Articles of Confederation, deep regional divides over representation, state power, and economic structure forced intense debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Ultimately, the framework of the new Constitution succeeded because delegates forged pragmatic compromises over congressional representation, executive authority, the preservation of slavery, and federal taxes. Area of Concern 1: Congressional Representation (Large vs. Small States) Debate: Large states favored the Virginia Plan (proportional representation based on population); small states demanded the New Jersey Plan (equal representation per state). Agreement: The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) established a bicameral legislature. The House of Representatives based representation on population, while the Senate granted two seats per state. Area of Concern 2: Counting the Population (Northern vs. Southern States) Debate: Southern states demanded enslaved individuals be counted to boost their legislative seat totals but excluded for federal tax purposes. Northern states argued this was unjust since enslaved populations lacked civil rights. Agreement: The Three-Fifths Compromise dictated that three out of every five enslaved individuals would be counted for both representation and taxation. Area of Concern 3: Executive Branch Power Debate: Anti-Federalists feared a strong executive would morph into a monarchy. Federalists argued a strong executive was vital to enforce laws and avoid the chaos seen in Shays’ Rebellion. Agreement: The creation of a single executive (the President) checked by congressional override powers, impeachment processes, and elected indirectly via the Electoral College. Area of Concern 4: Central Power vs. Individual Rights (The Ratification Pivot) Debate: Anti-Federalists refused to ratify the document because it centralized immense power under the Supremacy Clause without explicitly protecting individual liberties. Federalists argued that separation of powers inherently protected individuals. Agreement: Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights immediately upon ratification, which James Madison drafted during the First Congress to safeguard civil liberties against federal overreach.

ESCP 2010 Exam 1 - Mizzou - Whitney

Here is your complete, updated master reviewer for Gizmo. Every table has been converted into clean, plain-text blocks, clear definitions are included for every main section, and concrete examples are integrated under every single term so you can copy and paste it directly into flashcards. 1. Literary Devices & Elements What are Literary Devices and Elements? Literary devices and elements are specific techniques, structures, and tools that authors use to shape their writing, convey deeper meanings, create vivid imagery, and build engaging stories. Figurative Language What is Figurative Language? Words or expressions used with a non-literal meaning to make ideas more vivid, creative, and impactful. * Metaphor: Direct comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as". * Example: "Time is a thief." / "His voice was music to her ears." * Simile: Comparison of two things using "like" or "as". * Example: "He ran as fast as the wind." / "Her eyes shined like diamonds." * Personification: Gives human traits, emotions, or actions to non-human objects or abstract concepts. * Example: "The wind whispered secrets through the trees." * Hyperbole: Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or dramatic effect. * Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." / "I've told you a million times." * Irony: Expressing meaning using language that normally signifies the opposite (verbal, situational, or dramatic). * Example: A fire station burning down. (Situational Irony) * Oxymoron: Two contradictory or opposite words placed side-by-side. * Example: "Deafening silence," "Bittersweet," "Living dead." Sound Devices What are Sound Devices? Resources used by writers to emphasize the auditory aspects of a text, creating musicality, rhythm, or mood. * Assonance: Repetition of internal vowel sounds within nearby words. * Example: "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain." * Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words. * Example: "Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled peppers." * Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the middle or end of words. * Example: "The million alligators slithered through the mud." * Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate or sound like the real-world noise they describe. * Example: Buzz, crash, hiss, sizzle, boom. * Rhyme, Rhythm, & Repetition: Repeating sounds, beat patterns, or words to create emphasis and musicality. * Example: "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." (Repetition) Maxim, Universal Truth, & Philosophy What are Maxims, Universal Truths, & Philosophies? Statements that reflect general human principles, moral guidance, or shared human experiences. * Maxim: A short, simple saying that gives humans practical advice or a rule of conduct. * Example: "Actions speak louder than words." * Universal Truth: A statement or insight about human life that is true for all people across different times and cultures. * Example: "All humans desire love and belonging." * Philosophy: A foundational belief, worldview, or underlying way of thinking that guides how a person lives or interprets life. * Example: Stoicism teaches that we should focus only on what we can control. Poetic Structure & Style What is Poetic Structure & Style? The architectural layout of a poem, including how lines, sounds, meters, and word choices are organized. * Rhyme Types: * End Rhyme: Words at the end of poetic lines rhyme. * Example: "The cat sat on the mat / It chased a little rat." * Internal Rhyme: Rhyming occurs within a single line of poetry. * Example: "I drove the car to the bar." * Eye Rhyme: Words that look like they should rhyme based on spelling, but sound different when spoken. * Example: Love and Move / Laughter and Slaughter. * Perfect Rhyme: Stressed vowel sounds and all following consonants are identical. * Example: Cat and Hat / Light and Night. * Slant Rhyme: Imperfect or near-rhymes with similar but non-identical sounds. * Example: Shape and Keep / Worm and Swarm. * Meter: The systematic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables across a line of poetry (composed of poetic feet). * Example: Iambic pentameter ("Da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM"). * Stanza: A grouped set of lines within a poem (categorized as formal structure or free verse). * Example: A 4-line stanza is called a quatrain. * Diction: The author's deliberate choice of words and phrases: * Formal: Professional, elevated, or academic vocabulary. * Example: "I request your prompt assistance regarding this matter." * Informal: Everyday conversational language. * Example: "Can you give me a hand real quick?" * Slang: Highly casual words specific to a particular group, region, or subculture. * Example: "That idea is total cap." * Concrete: Specific words appealing directly to the five physical senses. * Example: "The freezing, crisp air smelled of pine needles." * Abstract: Broad ideas, feelings, or concepts requiring deeper interpretation. * Example: Concepts like freedom, justice, or truth. Tone, Style & Voice What are Tone, Style & Voice? The elements that define the emotional attitude, writing personality, and perspective of the author or narrator. * Tone: The author's or speaker's attitude toward the subject matter or audience. * Example: Sarcastic, formal, cheerful, or pessimistic. * Mood: The overall emotional atmosphere created by the author's choices, felt by the reader. * Example: Spooky, peaceful, romantic, or tense. * Style: The unique "fingerprint" or manner in which an author writes (Formal, Informal, or Poetic/Evocative). * Meaning Details: Includes Denotation (literal dictionary definition of a word) and Connotation (emotional or secondary meaning attached to a word). * Speaker, Point of View (POV), & Narrative Techniques: * Speaker / POV: Who is speaking or telling the story. * 1st Person: Narrator is a character in the story ("I", "we"). * 3rd Person Limited: Narrator focuses on the internal thoughts of only one character ("he", "she", "they"). * 3rd Person Omniscient: All-knowing narrator who knows the thoughts and feelings of every character. * Persona: The specific character or identity assumed by the writer or speaker. * Narrative Techniques: Methods used to present ideas: * Description: Setting scenes using visual and sensory details. * Flashback: Interrupting the timeline to show an earlier past event. * Reflection: The speaker looking back on an event to ponder its meaning. * Internal Monologue: Showing a character's unbroken flow of inner thoughts. * Dialogue: Spoken conversation between characters. * Example: "'I told you not to enter that room,' whispered Sarah." * Repetition: Intentionally repeating words or phrases for emphasis. 2. Narrative & Literary Analysis What is Narrative & Literary Analysis? The practice of examining the components of a story to understand how it is constructed and to uncover hidden meanings, symbols, and context. Elements of a Story / Narrative What are Narrative Elements? The structural building blocks that make up a story's plot, setting, characterization, and core message. * Plot Structure: The sequence of events in a story: * Exposition: Introduction of characters, setting, and basic situation. * Rising Action: Events and complications leading up to the main conflict. * Climax: The turning point or peak emotional intensity of the story. * Falling Action: Events after the climax that wrap up plot points. * Resolution / Dénouement: The final outcome or resolving of the core conflict. * Setting: Time, geographic location, historical period, and environmental conditions of the story. * Characterization: The methods used to reveal a character's personality: * Direct Characterization: Character traits explicitly stated by the narrator. * Example: "John was a lazy and dishonest boy." * Indirect Characterization (STEAL Method): Trait revealed through clues rather than being told directly: * S – Speech: What they say and how they say it. * Example: "Give me your lunch money right now!" (Shows bully behavior) * T – Thoughts: What is revealed through private inner feelings. * Example: I wish I could help, but I'm too terrified. (Shows internal fear) * E – Effect on others: How other characters react around this person. * Example: Everyone stopped laughing the moment she walked in. (Shows intimidating presence) * A – Actions: How the character behaves in specific situations. * Example: Mark carried the heavy grocery bags for the elderly woman. (Shows kindness) * L – Looks: Physical appearance, clothing, and body language. * Example: Sharply tailored suit, zero wrinkles, every hair in place. (Shows meticulous organization) Signs, Symbols, & Meaning (Semiotics) What is Semiotics? The study of signs, symbols, and how human beings create, interpret, and communicate meaning. * Sign: Anything that points to an idea, piece of information, or object. * Example: A red stop sign on the road. * Symbol: A specific kind of sign holding a deeper, secondary meaning beyond its literal appearance. * Example: A dove representing peace, or a red rose representing love. * Motif: A recurring element, image, object, or pattern that carries symbolic meaning throughout a work. * Example: The constant reappearance of a ticking clock representing running out of time. * Binary Oppositions: Contrasting concepts or pairs put together to highlight thematic conflict. * Example: Light vs. Darkness, Good vs. Evil, Youth vs. Old Age. * The Semiotic Triangle: A model explaining how language links to thought and reality: * Signifier: The physical image, written word, or sound used. * Example: The written word "D-O-G". * Reference: The mental concept, thought, or connotation behind the signifier. * Example: Thinking of a four-legged furry pet that barks. * Referent: The actual physical object or reality being represented. * Example: The real, living dog sitting in front of you. Organic Unity What is Organic Unity? The concept that every single element in a text (symbols, plot, tone, character actions) plays a unique role, yet none can function alone—every element is essential to the overall meaning and structure of the work. Contextual Analysis What is Contextual Analysis? Background information surrounding a literary work that helps readers understand it more deeply and recognize the values behind it. * Historical Context: Historical events, movements, and societal conditions influencing the story's era. * Example: Reading a story set during World War II to understand why food rationing occurs in the plot. * Cultural Context: Shared beliefs, customs, values, and traditions shaping character choices and themes. * Example: Analyzing family traditions and societal expectations in a story set in ancient Asia. * Biographical Context: How the author's real-life experiences and personal background impact their writing. * Example: Knowing Edgar Allan Poe experienced loss helps explain the grief themes in his poetry. * Psychological Context: Mental states, inner motivations, trauma, and psychological behaviors of characters or the author. * Example: Examining how traumatic events affect a main character's choices and fears. 3. Author's Purpose & Rhetorical Modes What is Author's Purpose? The primary reason why an author creates a text (a literary piece can have multiple purposes). To Persuade * Core Intent: Convince the reader to act or adopt a specific belief. * Key Techniques & Features: * Ethos (Credibility / Ethics): Establishing trust, authority, or moral character. * Example: "As a doctor with 20 years of experience, I recommend this treatment." * Pathos (Emotion): Appealing to the reader's feelings (sympathy, fear, joy). * Example: "Don't let innocent shelter animals spend another night in the cold." * Logos (Logic): Using facts, statistics, and logical reasoning. * Example: "Data shows that wearing seatbelts reduces injury risks by 45%." * Call-to-Action (CTA): Directly telling the reader what action to take. * Example: "Sign this petition today to protect our rivers!" To Inform * Core Intent: Educate or share facts objectively without personal bias or subjective views. * Key Features: Textbooks, news reports, informational articles, research papers. To Entertain * Core Intent: Provide enjoyment, amusement, or engagement for the reader. * Key Techniques & Features: * Suspense: Creating anxiety or intense anticipation about what will happen next. * Example: "The footsteps grew louder on the wooden floorboards right outside her bedroom..." * Vivid Storytelling: Using rich sensory details so the reader can visualize the scene. * Example: "The crisp, icy wind whipped through the towering pine trees as the sun dipped below the crimson horizon." To Express Emotions * Core Intent: Share deeply personal, subjective experiences and inner feelings. * Key Features: Uses 1st Person POV ("I", "my"), personal journals, lyric poetry, and emotional reflections. To Explain / Analyze * Core Intent: Blend information with deeper critical insight to help readers thoroughly understand a complex topic. To Teach / Impart Values * Core Intent: Convey a moral lesson, ethical value, or clear guidance to the reader. * Key Features: Fables, parables, allegories, and didactic stories. To Criticize Society * Core Intent: Question and challenge societal norms, political issues, or systemic flaws. * Key Features: Uses satire, irony, allegory, social commentary, and exaggeration. To Reflect Human Experience * Core Intent: Represent human culture, shared traditions, and everyday lived realities. To Inspire * Core Intent: Encourage readers to believe, hold onto hope, and overcome challenges.

Box-and-Whisker Plots and Cumulative Frequency Graphs

WHISKEY/WHISKY

The Whispering Cave and the Sky Door Vocabulary

🇺🇸 APUSH CRAM SHEET PERIOD 1: 1491–1607 — Native America & Exploration Native American Societies * Iroquois Confederacy → political alliance of Native nations * Pueblo peoples → Southwest; agriculture, irrigation * Mississippian societies → Cahokia; agriculture and complex societies Columbian Exchange Americas → Europe * Corn * Potatoes * Tomatoes * Tobacco * Cacao Europe/Africa → Americas * Horses * Cattle * Sugar * Wheat * Diseases ⚠️ Major consequence: Native populations dramatically declined because of European diseases. Exploration * Christopher Columbus (1492) → opened sustained European contact * Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) → Spain/Portugal divided claims in the Americas * Encomienda System → Spanish forced Native labor ⸻ PERIOD 2: 1607–1754 — Colonies Jamestown — 1607 * First permanent English settlement * Virginia Company * John Smith → helped colony survive * Tobacco → major cash crop * John Rolfe → tobacco cultivation Important Virginia Developments * House of Burgesses (1619) → representative government * Headright System → encouraged immigration by giving land * Growth of slavery Plymouth & Massachusetts * Pilgrims → Plymouth, 1620 * Mayflower Compact → self-government * Puritans → Massachusetts Bay * John Winthrop → “city upon a hill” Religion Puritans: wanted to reform the Church of England Quakers: * Religious tolerance * Equality * Pennsylvania * William Penn Bacon’s Rebellion — 1676 * Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against Virginia government * Showed conflict between wealthy elites and poorer colonists * Contributed to increased reliance on enslaved labor Colonial Economies New England * Fishing * Shipbuilding * Trade * Small farms Middle Colonies * Grain * Trade * Diverse population Southern Colonies * Tobacco * Rice * Indigo * Plantation agriculture * Slavery ⸻ PERIOD 3: 1754–1800 — Revolution & Constitution French & Indian War — 1754–1763 Britain vs. France + Native allies Consequences * Britain wins * Britain gains territory * Britain has massive debt * Britain begins taxing colonies Proclamation of 1763 * Colonists prohibited from settling west of Appalachian Mountains * Angered colonists ⸻ Road to Revolution Tax Acts Stamp Act (1765) * Tax on printed materials * “No taxation without representation” Townshend Acts (1767) * Taxes on imports * Led to colonial resistance Boston Massacre (1770) * British soldiers killed colonists * Patriot propaganda Boston Tea Party (1773) * Colonists protested Tea Act Intolerable Acts (1774) * Punished Massachusetts * Helped unite colonies ⸻ Declaration of Independence — 1776 Thomas Jefferson Main ideas: * Natural rights * Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness * Government gets power from the people * People can overthrow an abusive government ⸻ Revolutionary War Turning Points Saratoga (1777) → Major American victory → France joins American side Yorktown (1781) → Cornwallis surrendered → Major fighting effectively ended Treaty of Paris (1783) → Britain recognized U.S. independence ⸻ Articles of Confederation Strengths * Won Revolutionary War * Land Ordinance of 1785 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Weaknesses * No power to tax * No executive branch * No national court system * Weak central government ⸻ Constitution Great Compromise * House of Representatives → population * Senate → equal representation 3/5 Compromise * Enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation and taxation Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists * Strong national government * Hamilton * Madison * Jay Anti-Federalists * Feared centralized power * Wanted Bill of Rights Bill of Rights — 1791 First 10 amendments ⸻ PERIOD 4: 1800–1848 — Expansion & Democracy Jefferson Election of 1800 * Peaceful transfer of power * Jefferson becomes president Louisiana Purchase — 1803 * Bought from France * Doubled U.S. territory Lewis & Clark * Explored western territory ⸻ War of 1812 Causes: * British impressment * British interference with trade * British support for Native resistance Effects * Increased nationalism * Weakened Federalist Party * Encouraged American manufacturing ⸻ Market Revolution Transportation * Canals * Roads * Railroads * Steamboats Industrialization * Factories grew * Wage labor expanded * Cities grew Erie Canal → connected Great Lakes to Hudson River ⸻ Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson * Expanded voting for white men * Spoils system * Popular democracy Indian Removal Act — 1830 * Forced Native Americans west * Trail of Tears * Major example of U.S. expansion and Native displacement Bank War Jackson opposed the national bank. ⸻ Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America. Texas * Texas declared independence from Mexico * Alamo * Texas becomes U.S. state in 1845 Mexican-American War — 1846–1848 U.S. victory → Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo * U.S. gained California, New Mexico and huge western territory ⸻ PERIOD 5: 1844–1877 — Civil War & Reconstruction Sectionalism North * Industry * Free labor * Railroads * Growing cities South * Plantation economy * Cotton * Slavery West * Competition over whether slavery would expand ⸻ Slavery Cotton Gin * Eli Whitney * Made cotton processing faster * Increased demand for enslaved labor Missouri Compromise — 1820 * Missouri → slave * Maine → free * 36°30′ line Compromise of 1850 * California → free * Popular sovereignty in Utah/New Mexico * Fugitive Slave Act strengthened Kansas-Nebraska Act — 1854 * Popular sovereignty * Repealed Missouri Compromise * Led to Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott v. Sandford — 1857 Supreme Court ruled: * African Americans were not citizens * Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery in territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates Major issue → slavery’s expansion ⸻ Civil War Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins Southern states secede. Emancipation Proclamation — 1863 * Freed enslaved people in rebelling states * Changed war aims toward ending slavery Gettysburg — 1863 Major Union victory Gettysburg Address * Equality * Democracy * “new birth of freedom” Appomattox — 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant. ⸻ Reconstruction — 1865–1877 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment Citizenship + equal protection 15th Amendment Voting rights for Black men Freedmen’s Bureau * Helped formerly enslaved people * Education * Employment * Food/housing assistance Black Codes Southern laws restricting African Americans after the Civil War. Ku Klux Klan Used violence and intimidation to suppress Black political participation. Compromise of 1877 * Ended disputed 1876 election * Federal troops withdrawn from South * Reconstruction effectively ended ⚠️ APUSH connection: Reconstruction achieved major constitutional changes but failed to permanently protect many of those gains. ⸻ PERIOD 6: 1865–1898 — Gilded Age Industrialization Important Industrialists * Andrew Carnegie → steel * John D. Rockefeller → oil * J.P. Morgan → banking/finance Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry Robber Baron → exploited workers, monopolies Captain of Industry → created jobs/industry and sometimes philanthropy Social Darwinism Applied survival-of-the-fittest ideas to society/economics. ⸻ Labor Knights of Labor * Broad membership * Wanted better working conditions AFL * Samuel Gompers * Skilled workers * Higher wages * Shorter hours Major Strikes Haymarket Affair → labor unrest + anarchism Homestead Strike → Carnegie Steel Pullman Strike → railroad workers → federal government intervened ⸻ Immigration Old Immigration Mostly: * Northern/Western Europe New Immigration Mostly: * Southern/Eastern Europe * Italians * Poles * Russians Chinese Exclusion Act — 1882 Restricted Chinese immigration. ⸻ Urbanization Problems: * Tenements * Disease * Crime * Poor sanitation Political machines * Ex: Tammany Hall * Provided services in exchange for votes ⸻ PERIOD 7: 1890–1945 — Progressive Era & World Wars Progressivism Goals: * Reduce corruption * Regulate corporations * Improve working conditions * Consumer protection * Women’s suffrage Muckrakers Investigative journalists exposing problems. Upton Sinclair → The Jungle → exposed meatpacking conditions → helped inspire Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal * Trust busting * Conservation * Consumer protection 16th Amendment → Federal income tax 17th Amendment → Direct election of senators 18th Amendment → Prohibition 19th Amendment → Women’s suffrage ⸻ Imperialism Spanish-American War — 1898 U.S. victory U.S. gains influence over: * Puerto Rico * Guam * Philippines Open Door Policy U.S. wanted equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. claimed right to intervene in Latin America. ⸻ World War I Causes Think MAIN * Militarism * Alliance system * Imperialism * Nationalism U.S. enters in 1917. Wilson’s Fourteen Points * Self-determination * League of Nations * International cooperation Treaty of Versailles Senate rejected it. ⸻ 1920s Consumer Culture * Cars * Radios * Movies * Advertising Harlem Renaissance African American cultural movement. Important figures: * Langston Hughes * Zora Neale Hurston * Duke Ellington Great Migration African Americans moved from South → Northern/Western cities. ⸻ Great Depression Causes * Stock market speculation * Bank failures * Unequal wealth * Overproduction * Consumer debt FDR’s New Deal Relief → help people now Recovery → rebuild economy Reform → prevent future depression Important Programs CCC → jobs for young men WPA → public works/jobs Social Security Act → retirement assistance FDIC → protects bank deposits SEC → regulates stock market ⸻ World War II Pearl Harbor — 1941 Japan attacks U.S. U.S. enters WWII. Japanese American Internment Executive Order 9066 → forced relocation/internment D-Day — 1944 Allied invasion of Europe. Manhattan Project Developed atomic bomb. Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic bombs used against Japan. Japan surrenders → 1945 ⸻ PERIOD 8: 1945–1980 — Cold War & Civil Rights Cold War U.S. vs. USSR Capitalism vs. Communism Truman Doctrine Contain communism. Marshall Plan Economic aid to rebuild Europe. NATO Western military alliance. Korean War U.S. supports South Korea against communist North Korea. ⸻ Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board — 1954 School segregation unconstitutional. Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King Jr. * Nonviolent protest * Civil rights Civil Rights Act — 1964 Banned segregation/discrimination in many public settings. Voting Rights Act — 1965 Protected voting rights. Malcolm X Initially promoted Black nationalism/self-defense; later shifted views toward broader cooperation. ⸻ Vietnam War Domino Theory If one country becomes communist, nearby countries may follow. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Expanded presidential power in Vietnam. Vietnamization Nixon’s policy of reducing U.S. troops while South Vietnam took more responsibility. Effects * Antiwar movement * Distrust of government * War Powers Act ⸻ PERIOD 9: 1980–Present Reagan Reaganomics Tax cuts + deregulation + reduced government spending Conservative Movement * Lower taxes * Smaller government * Anti-communism * Traditional social values Cold War Ends 1989 → Berlin Wall falls 1991 → USSR collapses ⸻ ⭐ MUST-KNOW APUSH THEMES 1. Federal Power Articles → weak government ↓ Constitution → stronger government ↓ Civil War → massive federal expansion ↓ New Deal → federal government expands economically ↓ Great Society → federal government expands social programs ⸻ 2. Race Colonial slavery ↓ Expansion of slavery ↓ Civil War ↓ 13th/14th/15th Amendments ↓ Jim Crow ↓ Civil Rights Movement ↓ Civil Rights Act + Voting Rights Act ⸻ 3. Expansion Louisiana Purchase ↓ Manifest Destiny ↓ Mexican-American War ↓ Westward expansion ↓ Imperialism ↓ Overseas influence ⸻ 4. Economy Agricultural colonies ↓ Market Revolution ↓ Industrial Revolution ↓ Gilded Age corporations ↓ Great Depression ↓ New Deal ↓ Modern consumer economy ⸻ 🔥 20 EVENTS YOU ABSOLUTELY NEED TO KNOW Date Event 1492 Columbus 1607 Jamestown 1620 Plymouth 1754–63 French & Indian War 1776 Declaration of Independence 1781 Articles/ Yorktown 1787 Constitution 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1812 War of 1812 1820 Missouri Compromise 1830 Indian Removal Act 1846–48 Mexican-American War 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1861–65 Civil War 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 1865 13th Amendment 1898 Spanish-American War 1929 Great Depression begins 1941 Pearl Harbor 1954 Brown v. Board 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act 🧠 APUSH Essay Formula For LEQs/DBQs, remember: Claim → Evidence → Explain → Connect Don’t just say what happened. Instead: Evidence: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Analysis: This increased sectional tensions because it allowed slavery to potentially expand into territories previously closed to it, contributing to the breakdown of political compromise before the Civil War. APUSH loves CAUSATION, CHANGE/CONTINUITY, and COMPARISON. Ask yourself: * Why did this happen? * What did it cause? * What changed? * What stayed the same? * Who benefited? * Who was harmed? * How does this connect to another period

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