Box-and-Whisker Plots and Cumulative Frequency Graphs

Vocabulary flashcards covering box-and-whisker plots, cumulative frequency histograms, cumulative frequency polygons, and key statistical terms.

Box-and-Whisker Plot

A type of graph that summarizes and visualizes the spread and distribution of a data set using a five-number summary.

Cumulative Frequency Polygon

A line graph that connects points representing cumulative frequencies at interval midpoints to show how total frequencies increase and where data cluster.

Cumulative Frequency Histogram

A bar graph that displays the running total of frequencies up to each class interval to show how data accumulate over ranges.

Five-Number Summary

The set of key values—minimum, $Q_1$, median, $Q_3$, and maximum—used to describe the distribution, spread, and symmetry of a dataset.

Minimum

The smallest value in a data set, representing the lower extreme or starting point of the data distribution.

Maximum

The highest value in a data set, representing the upper extreme of the data distribution.

Median

The middle score or value in an ordered dataset, dividing the lower half of the data from the upper half.

Interquartile Range (IQR)

The spread of the middle 50% of the data, calculated using the formula $\text{IQR} = Q_3 - Q_1$.

Range

The total spread of a data set, calculated as the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value.

Skewness

A measure of data distribution balance, where a distribution is symmetrical if the median is centered between $Q_1$ and $Q_3$.

Outlier Expected Range

The range defined by $[Q_1 - 1.5 \times \text{IQR}, Q_3 + 1.5 \times \text{IQR}]$, outside of which data points are considered extreme outliers.

Interval Midpoint

The middle value of a class interval plotted on the x-axis when constructing a cumulative frequency polygon.