Results for "Territories"

Key Documents and Figures in Early American History and Government Save Flashcards Learn Test Blocks Blast Match House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Track progress 1 / 48 Profile Picture Created by Audreybehm1 Created just now Terms in this set (48) Original House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Mayflower Compact The governing document for Plymouth Colony that established forms of self-government for the colonists Magna Carta A document limiting the power of the king of England and guaranteeing certain rights to Englishmen English Bill of Rights A document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights of English citizens Enlightenment An eighteenth-century movement inspired by European philosophers who believed that society's problems could be solved by reason and science John Locke Was an English philosopher who wrote Two Treatises of Government. Great Awakening a religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers Thomas Jefferson Was an American farmer, landholder, author, architect, lawyer, and statesman. He joined the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1768 and began advocating for American independence in the 1770's. Jefferson represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress, during which time he drafted and revised the Declaration of Independence. He went on to serve as a diplomat to France and as the nation's first secretary of state, second vice president, and third president. Jefferson also founded the University of Virginia. John Hancock Was a Massachusetts statesman who served as the president of the Second Continental Congress. George Washington Worked early on as a surveyor of the Virginia colony. Washington became interested in western expansion in the Ohio Country and invested in the Ohio Company. In 1752, he accepted an appointment to the military as an officer. Two years later, he led a company to drive out the French from Fort Duquesne. Later, he went on to serve as the commander-in-chief of the colonies' Continental Army and to become the first President of the United States. Republican Government a government in which officials are representatives elected by the people; also known as a representative democracy Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government Articles of Confederation the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777 Shays' Rebellion a farmers' rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, against higher taxes in Massachusetts Confederation an alliance or league of governments pledged to work together Northwest Territory a vast territory north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania as far as the Mississippi River James Madison Was a Patriot who represented Virginia in the Continental Congress. In 1787, he participated in the Constitutional Convention and was a leading voice in replacing the Articles of Confederation with a new plan for government. For his part in winning passage of the 1787 Constitution, he became known as the Father of the Constitution. Madison went on to serve as Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state and then to become the fourth president of the United States. Checks and Balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two Federalism a political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments The Federalist Papers a series of 85 essays, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that explained and defended the Constitution Separation of Powers a principle that divides power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government Antifederalists one who opposed ratification of the Constitution Virginia Declaration of Rights a document listing the protected rights of Virginians, which was incorporated into the Virginia state constitution in 1776; it influenced a number of later documents, including the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights Limited Government a principle stating that the government has only as much authority as the people give it and, therefore, its power is limited; government in which government actions are limited by law John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. After serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge, Marshall held various law and political positions. As chief justice, Marshall participated in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself, often advancing and defending judicial power and the principles of American federalism. Judicial Review the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional Louisiana Purchase the 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Monroe Doctrine a foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Andrew Jackson was an American military officer before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and finally as the seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. As a general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, Jackson successfully defended New Orleans. As President, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system. Nullification a theory that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional Indian Removal Act an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Trail of Tears an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Panic of 1837 the start of a prolonged downturn in the American economy touched off by changes in government policy Alexis de Tocqueville was a French aristocrat whose travels in the United States in the 1830's resulted in the publication of Democracy in America, an influential analysis of American politics. Industrial Revolution a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700's and spread to the United States around 1800 Underground Railroad a system that existed before the Civil War in which African American and white abolitionists helped people trying to escape enslavement travel to safe areas in the North and in Canada Abolitionists reformers who advocated a complete end to slavery Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped to the North in 1838. In 1841, he spontaneously shared his experiences of enslavement at an antislavery convention, and he soon became a speaker for the abolitionist cause. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, first published in 1845, reached still more people. During the Civil War, Douglass worked as an adviser to President Lincoln. Douglass also lent strong support to the women's movement. Second Great Awakening a religious revival movement in the first half of the 1800s Lucretia Mott was deeply committed to the ideal of reform. Known for her effective public speaking, she traveled the country promoting abolition. Frustrated by attempts to limit women's involvement in reform, Mott turned her attention to women's rights in the 1840's. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a lively and often fiery crusader for women's rights. While raising a growing family, she worked with Lucretia Mott and others to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. From the beginning, she pushed for women to fight for the right to vote, helping shape the direction of the movement for years to come. Declaration of Sentiments a document created at the Seneca Fall Convention in 1848 that demanded equal rights for women Susan B. Anthony was a campaigner for reforms and civil rights throughout her life. At different times she took up the cause of abolition, temperance, and working women's rights. But it is for the cause of woman suffrage that Anthony is best known. In 1869, she and her friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which led to over 30 years of relentless lecture tours, lobbying, and civil disobedience geared toward gaining the vote for women. Suffrage the right to vote Manifest Destiny the 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable but a God-given right Sam Houston was the only American to serve as governor of two different states—first Tennessee, then Texas. In between, he was commander of the Texan army, president of the Republic of Texas, and U.S. senator from Texas. Although an enslaver, Houston opposed the spread of slavery into the West. He was removed from the governorship of Texas after speaking out against Texas seceding from the Union. James K. Polk was a lawyer and politician who served as the 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Before being elected President, Polk served in the Tennessee legislature and as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. As President, Polk led the United States through the Mexican-American War, resulting in the United States gaining large territories along the Pacific coast and in the Southwest. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War Add or remove terms Learn More You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity About us About Quizlet How Quizlet works Careers Advertise with us Get the app For students Flashcards Test Learn Solutions Modern Learning Lab Quizlet Plus Study Guides Pomodoro timer For teachers Live Blog Be the Change Quizlet Plus for teachers Resources Help center Honor code Community guidelines Terms Privacy California Privacy Your Privacy/Cookie Choices Ads and Cookie Settings Interest-Based Advertising Quizlet for Schools Parents Language English (USA) © 2025 Quizlet, Inc. COPPA Safe Harbor Certification seal Home Your library Notifications 5 Your courses AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... Honors Algebra 2 New folder Start here Flashcards Study Guides Practice Tests Expert Solutions Home Your library Notifications 5 AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... 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canadian provinces + territories

The Crown and Territories

Territories

Empire, immigration and territories Cartes | Quizlet

Empire, immigration and territories Cartes | Quizlet

World Flags and Capitals

Ocean and Space: New Territories to Conquer

New Territories

Missouri Compromise (1820) An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in Congress. It also prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' latitude line in the Louisiana Territory. Manifest Destiny The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the U.S. across the North American continent was justified and inevitable. Compromise of 1850 A package of five laws designed to defuse tensions between free and slave states, including the Fugitive Slave Act and the admission of California as a free state. Harriet Beecher Stowe Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' a novel that depicted the horrors of slavery and increased support for abolition in the North. Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) Influential anti-slavery novel that shaped public opinion and intensified sectional conflict. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Allowed territories to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, leading to violent conflict known as 'Bleeding Kansas.' Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Supreme Court decision stating that slaves were property, not citizens, and Congress had no power to ban slavery in the territories. John Brown's Raid (1859) Failed attempt to start a slave rebellion by seizing a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, further polarizing North and South. Tenth Amendment Part of the Bill of Rights; states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. Anaconda Plan Union military strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports and capture the Mississippi River to suffocate the Confederacy. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) Issued by President Lincoln; declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free. Battle of Gettysburg (1863) Turning point in the Civil War; Union victory that halted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North. Gettysburg Address (1863) Short speech by Lincoln emphasizing national unity, liberty, and democracy. A Century of Dishonor (1881) Book by Helen Hunt Jackson exposing the mistreatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. 13th Amendment (1865) Abolished slavery in the United States. 14th Amendment (1868) Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) Gave African American men the right to vote. Scalawags Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party. Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction to seek economic or political opportunities. Sharecropping A system where freedmen and poor whites farmed land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, often leading to debt peonage. Compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction; Rutherford B. Hayes became president in exchange for removal of federal troops from the South. Jim Crow Laws State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine. The Dawes Act (1887) Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal land into individual plots. Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) Last major armed conflict between U.S. troops and Native Americans; marked the end of the Indian Wars. Sitting Bull Lakota leader who resisted U.S. government policies and was killed shortly before the Wounded Knee Massacre. Transcontinental Railroad (1869) Railroad connecting the east and west coasts, promoting expansion and economic growth. Homestead Act (1862) Gave 160 acres of free land to settlers willing to live and work on it for five years. The Grange Organization of farmers to advocate for their interests and fight against unfair railroad practices. Farmers' Alliance Group that sought to improve conditions for farmers through cooperatives and political advocacy. Populist Party Political party formed to represent the interests of farmers and laborers, advocating for bimetallism and regulation of big business. Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Supreme Court case that limited states' rights to regulate interstate commerce, leading to federal regulation. Election of 1896 William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan; marked the end of the Populist movement. Cross of Gold Speech Speech by Bryan advocating for bimetallism and criticizing the gold standard. Buffalo Soldiers African American soldiers who served in the western U.S. after the Civil War. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Provided land for states to build agricultural and technical colleges. Time Zones Developed Standardized to aid train schedules and commerce as railroads expanded. Social Darwinism Belief that only the fittest survive in business and society; used to justify inequality. Gospel of Wealth Essay by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy by the rich to improve society. Captains of Industry Positive term for wealthy business leaders who contributed to economic growth. Robber Barons Negative term for wealthy industrialists who exploited workers and resources. Great Railroad Strike (1877) First major nationwide labor strike, protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions. Knights of Labor Early labor union that included all workers and advocated for broad social reforms. Pullman Strike (1894) National railroad strike that ended after federal troops intervened. Old Immigration Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe before 1880. New Immigration Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe after 1880. Ellis Island Main immigration processing station in New York Harbor. Angel Island Immigration station on the West Coast, primarily for Asian immigrants. Nativism Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) First major law restricting immigration based on nationality. Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) Informal agreement to limit Japanese immigration. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) Tragic factory fire that led to improved labor safety laws. Jane Addams Founder of Hull House and pioneer of the settlement house movement. Patronage The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters. Boss Tweed Leader of Tammany Hall political machine; known for corruption. Pendleton Act (1883) Law that reformed the civil service system to curb patronage. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) First federal law to regulate monopolies and promote competition. Interstate Commerce Commission First federal agency to regulate business practices, especially railroads. W.E.B. Du Bois Civil rights activist who demanded immediate equality and co-founded the NAACP. Booker T. Washington Prominent Black leader who promoted vocational education and gradual equality. Ida B. Wells Journalist and anti-lynching activist who fought for civil rights and free speech. National Woman Suffrage Association Group that fought for women's right to vote. 19th Amendment (1920) Gave women the right to vote in national elections. White Man's Burden Idea that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize non-Western peoples. Spanish-American War (1898) U.S. defeated Spain, gaining territories like the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt's foreign policy emphasizing military strength and negotiation. Open Door Policy U.S. policy promoting equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America. Panama Canal U.S.-built waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914. Flappers Young women of the 1920s who embraced new fashions and attitudes. Great Depression (1929) Severe economic downturn marked by bank failures, unemployment, and poverty. Dust Bowl Environmental disaster during the 1930s that forced many farmers to migrate west. New Deal FDR's programs to combat the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform. Social Security Act (1935) Provided financial assistance to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. FDIC / SEC Agencies created to insure bank deposits and regulate the stock market. Pearl Harbor (1941) Surprise attack by Japan that led the U.S. into World War II. D-Day (1944) Allied invasion of Normandy, a turning point in World War II. Atomic Bomb / Manhattan Project Secret program that developed nuclear weapons used on Japan to end WWII. Containment / Truman Doctrine U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism after WWII. Civil Rights Act (1964) Landmark law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

States and Union territories of India

Unit 4 Independent states are theprimary building blocks of the world political map. State~ A geographic area with a permanent population defined borders, sovereign government and is recognized by other states Defined territory with borders Permanent population Government Sovereignty~The Authority of a state to govern itself including domestic and international affairs Recognition from other states Nation~ a group of people with a shared culture, language,history,homeland and self-determination Nation-state~ is when the borders of the nation match the borders of the state- a state with (ideally) only one nation within it. Stateless nations~are nations of people without a state to occupy. multi state nation~ consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state. Multinational state~is a country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders. Autonomous or semi autonomous~region is a location within a state that is given authority to given authority to govern independently from the national government. Nation-State~ A sovereign state with a relatively homogeneous population that has a shared language, culture and history. Multinational state~ A state that has more than one nation within it borders Multi State Nation~ A nation that spreads across multiple sovereign states Stateless nation~A nation that has history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state Autonomous regions~ A geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy from the state Semi-autonomous regions~ A geographic area that is controlled by another state but only has a moderate degree of self governance Stateless Nation Lack Control over their political boundaries A government with sovereign authority Control over internal and external affairs Recognition from other states Colonialism~ The practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic and social control over the area Imperialism~ The idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without establishing settlements Decolonization~ The process by which a colony becomes independent of the colonizing country Devolution ~ The transfer of power from a national government to regional governments Territoriality~How people use space to communicate ownership territory that connects to their culture,economic system or political interests Political Power~ defined as control over people, land and resources. Neocolonialism~The use of political, cultural or economic power to influence or control other countries Shatterbelts~ Areas where countries or people are subjected to political,cultural and economic pressure from, external power that are in conflict with each other Demilitarized Zone~ An area between two states which cannot be occupied or used for military purposes Choke points ~A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region Defining Boundaries Defined~ A boundary is agreed upon fixed and set Demarcated~ The process of marking a boundary Antecedent~ Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Subsequent boundary- Borders that develop along with the development of the cultural landscape Consequent: Type of subsequent boundary- A boundary that was established to settle conflict between opposing cultural ethnic or political groups Geometric Boundary- Borders that follows lines of latitude and longitude Superimposed Boundary~ a boundary that was created by a foreign state or group Relic- Border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Frontier ~ A geographic area where no state has direct power or control over ____________________________________________________________________________ Boundaries~are defined, delimited, demarcated and administered. On land and in the water. An expression of political power and territoriality. Used to establish sovereignty. Subject to change and conflict. Sometimes correspond with cultural or economic divisions. International Boundaries~ Boundaries that separate one sovereign state from another and are established through treaties and agreements between neighboring states Definitional Boundary Dispute ~ A boundary dispute that takes place over the interpretations of the original documents that defined the boundary Locational Boundary Dispute~ A boundary dispute over the location of the boundary and the ownership of the land Operational boundary Dispute~ A boundary dispute on how to manage the boundary and handle Diferent issues/ situations that occur on the boundary Voting Districts ~ A geographical area organized together for the purpose of administering elections Redistricting~ The process for redrawing districts after the census has occurred Gerrymandering~ The process of redistricting a voting district to favor one political party over another (IMPACTS OF GERRYMANDERING) Representatives do not reflect the beliefs of the people Decreasing the competition in political races Weakens the democratic process Creates safe districts Cracking~The process of spreading like minded voters out across multiple districts packing ~ The process of stacking like minded voters into just a few districts to reduce the impact of their vote in other districts Unitary State~ Power is located in the central or national government Federal State~ power is shared between the central/National government and regional governments Devolution ~ The transfer of power from a national government to regional governments Devolutionary Factors Physical geography of a state Divisions between different cultural groups Political instability Economic and social divisions Governments abusing their power Irredentism Self-determination~ The right or desire for a nation or group of people to govern themselves Ethnic Separatism~ when a person or group starts to identify more as their own ethnic group than as a citizen of the state Ethnic cleansing~ When a government organization or group of people attack an ethnic group in a state with the goal of pushing the group of people out of the state Irredentism~ A movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are located in another state Disintegrate~ When a state breaks up into smaller parts Democratization~ A process through which a political regime becomes more democratic Supranational Organization~ An alliance which consists of multiple countries traditionally three or more that work together to achieve a common goal or address specific issues/ challenges that impact the states. Supranational Organization Member countries agree to abide by the rules and regulation set by the organization Member countries surrendered some of their autonomy and sovereignty ____________________________________________________________________________ Centripetal forces~ Aspects of a society that unite people and bring them together Centrifugal Forces~Aspects of a society that divide a group of people and push them apart Failed State~ A state that no longer has a functioning government Ethnic Nationalist Movement~ When a cultural group wants to separate or wants to control themselves based on a specific ethnicity or nationality Maritime Boundaries Why do they matter? Trade & shipping routes Fishing rights Oil reserves Defense Landlocked countries are at significant disadvantage! Highly disputed, just like land boundaries

Empires/territories and Periods

COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

Canadian Provinces, Territories and Capitals

Geography Exam (77 Territories/Countries and Flags)

Le pays - Countries + French Territories

AP U.S. History - Unit 7, Topic 2: American Imperialism (1898-1945) Definition of Imperialism Expansion of a country’s political, economic, and military influence over another. U.S. begins imperial expansion with the purchase of Alaska (1867) for $7.2 million (known as "Seward’s Folly"). Discovery of gold in 1898 increases interest in expansion. Westward expansion mindset extends beyond the continent after the closing of the frontier. Arguments for Imperialism Economic Interests Desire for raw materials (e.g., gold in Alaska). Need for new markets to sell American goods (manufactured & agricultural). Social Darwinism Belief that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker ones. Expansion seen as a way for the U.S. to become a world power. Racial & Religious Justifications Josiah Strong's book Our Country (1885): Argues Anglo-Saxon race is superior and must “civilize” others. Expansion is a Christian duty to spread Western civilization. Military & Strategic Reasons Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Nations with strong navies dominate world affairs. U.S. builds a steel navy and seeks territories for naval bases. Leads to the race for Pacific and Caribbean islands (e.g., Hawaii, Guam, Philippines). Arguments Against Imperialism Self-Determination Nations should have the right to govern themselves. Same argument used by Americans to justify independence from Britain. Tradition of Isolationism George Washington’s Farewell Address warned against foreign entanglements. Expansion could lead to unwanted wars and conflicts. Racial Concerns Debate over whether the Constitution follows the flag: If the U.S. takes over a territory, do its people become American citizens? Many anti-imperialists opposed granting rights to non-white populations. Key Takeaways Imperialists supported expansion for economic, military, and ideological reasons. Anti-imperialists opposed it on the grounds of self-determination, isolationism, and racial concerns. The debate shaped U.S. foreign policy and led to further territorial acquisitions, setting the stage for U.S. involvement in global affairs. End of Notes. The Spanish-American War & American Imperialism Background: The American Empire Late 19th-century industrialists and politicians sought U.S. expansion. Cuba, a Spanish colony, was a key target for expansion. 1895: Cuban nationalists rebelled against Spain, but Spain crushed the revolt. Yellow Journalism & the Path to War Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Key figures: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst Encouraged U.S. intervention on humanitarian grounds. 1898: The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 200+ Americans. Yellow journalists blamed Spain, fueling war fever. Later investigations found the explosion was accidental. President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain; Spain agreed but the U.S. declared war anyway. The Spanish-American War (1898) Short war: America won and emerged as an imperial power. Effects of the war: Cuba gained independence, but the Platt Amendment gave the U.S. the right to intervene militarily. Philippines annexed after U.S. forces, led by Theodore Roosevelt, defeated Spain. Filipinos, expecting independence, rebelled under Emilio Aguinaldo → Led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). Hawaii annexed (1898) for strategic reasons (midpoint to the Philippines). The Open Door Policy (1899) China was divided into European spheres of influence. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent the Open Door Note to European powers, requesting equal trade access in China. Outcome: European powers did not reject the request, so the U.S. claimed success in securing trade rights. Significance The Spanish-American War marked the U.S.’s entry into imperialism. The U.S. expanded its influence globally through military power and economic policies. Let me know if you want any modifications! The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) Main Idea: The Progressive Era was a time of social, political, and economic reform in response to issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Progressives believed government intervention was necessary to fix these problems. Who Were the Progressives? A diverse group: Protestants, feminists, labor leaders, African Americans, journalists Focused on issues like: Big business power (monopolies) Economic instability (Panic of 1893) Labor conflicts (strikes) Political corruption (machines like Tammany Hall) Jim Crow segregation Women’s suffrage Alcohol prohibition Muckrakers (Investigative Journalists) Exposed corruption and poor conditions in society Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (unsanitary meatpacking industry) Ida Tarbell - Exposed Standard Oil’s unfair business practices Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (urban poverty and tenement conditions) Political Reforms (Expanding Democracy) Secret Ballot – Ended political bosses controlling votes. Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913) – Senators now elected by the people instead of state legislatures. 18th Amendment (Prohibition, 1919) – Banned alcohol (led by groups like the Anti-Saloon League). 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage, 1920) – Gave women the right to vote. Initiative, Referendum, Recall – Gave citizens more power to propose, approve, and remove laws/politicians. Government Efficiency & Scientific Management Frederick Taylor’s "Scientific Management" (Taylorism) – Applied efficiency techniques to government & industry. Black Progressives & Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Legalized segregation (“separate but equal”). Niagara Movement (W.E.B. DuBois) – Advocated for immediate black rights. NAACP (1909) – Fought for racial justice through legal action. World War I (Unit 7, Topic 5) Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI War Begins (1914): After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, two alliances formed: Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (formerly Triple Entente) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (formerly Triple Alliance) U.S. Neutrality: Initially stayed out of the war but faced mounting pressure due to events: Sinking of the Lusitania (1915): A German U-boat sank a British passenger ship, killing 128 Americans. Public outrage followed, but neutrality was maintained. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany resumed sinking ships, including American vessels. Zimmermann Telegram (1917): Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico, promising to help regain lost territory if the U.S. joined the war. The U.S. intercepted the message, pushing Wilson to act. U.S. Declares War (1917) April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.” American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): Led by General John J. Pershing, U.S. troops bolstered Allied forces and played a crucial role in turning the tide of the war. End of the War & Treaty of Versailles (1918-1919) November 11, 1918: Armistice signed, ending fighting. Treaty of Versailles (1919): Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the League of Nations. Britain and France sought to punish Germany, leading to harsh reparations and restrictions. League of Nations created, but the U.S. did not join due to congressional fears of being dragged into future wars. World War I: The Homefront (Unit 7, Topic 6) Total War & Mobilization The U.S. fully mobilized its economy, industry, and society for war. War Industries Board: Managed labor & factories to produce war supplies. Food Administration: Regulated food production for soldiers and civilians. Rural-to-urban migration increased as people sought industrial jobs. Civil Liberties & Government Control Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized anti-war speech & draft resistance. Schenck v. United States (1919): Supreme Court ruled speech creating a "clear and present danger" (e.g., resisting the draft) could be restricted. Government censored reports on the Spanish Flu to maintain war morale. The First Red Scare (1919-1920) Fear of communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution. Palmer Raids: Over 6,000 suspected radicals, labor leaders, and immigrants arrested; 500+ deported. Immigration Restrictions Emergency Quota Act (1921) & National Origins Act (1924): Limited immigration, especially from Southern/Eastern Europe & Asia. Rooted in nativism (opposition to immigrants, especially Catholics & Jews). The Great Migration Large numbers of Black Americans moved from the South to Northern cities (e.g., Chicago, New York) for job opportunities & to escape Jim Crow laws. Faced discrimination & race riots in the North (e.g., 1919 race riots, Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)—300 Black people killed, 10,000 homeless)

Canadian Provinces/Territories Capitals

Capitals of provinces and territories in Canada