Data and Disease Occurence

Medical and Obsterics/Gynecology

Confounding and Obscuring Variables Flashcards

Český jazyk a literatura - Umělecké směry, autoři a pojmy

Epi Measures of Disease Occurence

Lecture 3 - Gynaecology and Obsetrics

2. Lessons from the autopsy

the happy prince by osscar wilde

Prawo reklamy, koszty firmowe i prawo autorskie

1. “Peter Piper picked purple peppers.” Which literary term is demonstrated by the repeated beginning consonant sound? Answer: Alliteration 2. “Oh, Moon, why must you hide tonight?” A speaker directly addresses the moon as though it could respond. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Apostrophe 3. “We will fight. We will endure. We will succeed.” Which literary term is demonstrated by repeating the same words at the beginning of successive sentences? Answer: Anaphora 4. In a play, a character turns toward the audience and quietly says, “Nobody here knows my real plan,” while the other characters act as though they cannot hear. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Aside 5. A poem describes a hero who leaves home, faces a great challenge, and returns transformed, reflecting a pattern found across many cultures. Which term best describes this recurring pattern? Answer: Archetype 6. A writer uses words such as “crack,” “clang,” “hiss,” and “clash” to create harsh, unpleasant sounds. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Cacophony 7. A poem tells the story of a traveler and repeatedly returns to the same line at the end of each stanza. Which term best describes the poem? Answer: Ballad 8. A story about animals competing for control of a farm also represents different abstract political ideas beyond the literal animal story. Which term best describes the story? Answer: Allegory 9. A poet uses several words with similar repeated vowel sounds in stressed syllables. Which literary term is demonstrated? Answer: Assonance 10. An author presents a character as impatient, generous, and stubborn through the character’s actions and descriptions. What term describes the author’s method of presenting the character? Answer: Characterization 11. A writer says, “He ran, jumped, climbed, sprinted” without using “and” between the actions. Which literary term is demonstrated? Answer: Asyndeton 12. A writer describes a dark, abandoned house using gloomy imagery to make the reader feel nervous and uncomfortable. Which term describes the feeling created for the reader? Answer: Atmosphere (mood) 13. A character spends the story trying to stop the main character from achieving their goal. What is this character called? Answer: Antagonist 14. A writer says, “She is as brave as a lion,” comparing two things that are different but share a particular quality. Which term describes this type of comparison? Answer: Analogy 15. A poem contains five metrical feet per line, uses iambic rhythm, and does not rhyme. Which term describes this type of poetry? Answer: Blank verse 16. A poet writes about enjoying the present because life is short and opportunities should be appreciated while they last. Which term describes this theme? Answer: Carpe diem 17. During a dramatic scene, a character experiences an intense emotional release that leaves the audience feeling emotionally relieved. Which term describes this purification or purging of emotions? Answer: Catharsis 18. A poet writes a line with a noticeable pause in the middle: “The night was dark — / the road was silent.” Which term describes the pause within the line of poetry? Answer: Caesura 19. A narrator briefly mentions “a David facing Goliath” to describe a small person or group confronting a powerful opponent. Which term is being used? Answer: Allusion 20. A fictional story contains an imaginary person who has their own personality, actions, and role in the story. What is this person called? Answer: Character 1. Allegory — A narrative in verse or prose in which characters, actions, and sometimes settings represent abstract concepts beyond the literal meaning of the story. 2. Alliteration — The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. 3. Allusion — A brief reference to a person, event, or place in history, or to a work of art or literature. 4. Analogy — A comparison made between two items, situations, or ideas that are somewhat alike but unlike in most respects. 5. Anaphora — Repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in successive sentences, clauses, or phrases is repeated. 6. Antagonist — A character in a story or play who opposes the protagonist. 7. Apostrophe — A figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent person or a personified quality, object, or idea. 8. Archetype — A character, action, or situation that represents common patterns of human life and often has a common meaning throughout a culture or humanity. 9. Aside — In drama, a few words or a short passage spoken by one character to the audience while the other actors pretend they cannot hear the speaker. 10. Assonance — The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds in stressed syllables or words. 11. Asyndeton — The omission of conjunctions from constructions in which they would normally be used. 12. Atmosphere (mood) — The mood or feeling of a literary work created for the reader by the writer. 13. Ballad — A narrative poem that usually includes a repeated refrain. 14. Blank verse — Unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line of five feet. 15. Cacophony — The use of words in poetry that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. 16. Caesura — A pause within a line of poetry. 17. Carpe diem — Latin for “seize the day”; a theme frequently found in lyric poetry that encourages enjoying life’s pleasures while you are able. 18. Catharsis — Purification or purging of emotions, such as pity or fear. 19. Character — An imaginary person represented in a work of fiction. 20. Characterization — The method an author uses to acquaint the reader with his or her characters

8-26-26 The Solar System By studying the geology, climatology (weather) and hydrology (water) of the other planets and moons and comparing them to those that we see on Earth, scientists can gain a better understanding of how these systems work in general, not just here. What we look for Geology: Volcanos, faults, earthquakes, mountains, and Plate tectonics Climatology: Clouds, weather, seasons, climate changes   Hydrology: Oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwork   Terrestrial Planets There are 4  which are Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars. They all are largely composed of rocks and metals and they have layered interiors  Mercury - Closest to the Sun GEOLOGY: Mercury is almost entirely dead but once had active volcanoes. It is the smallest planet and lost most of its internal heat long ago. Today, it is covered with craters. WATER: It has no liquid surface water. ATMOSPHERE: It has an extremely thin and insignificant atmosphere. Venus (2nd Planet) GEOLOGY: Venus has many active volcanoes (confirmed in 2023) and is probably seismically active. It may have some form of plate tectonics. WATER: None ATMOSPHERE: A uniformly hot (867 °F), dense atmosphere composed of 96% carbon dioxide and highly corrosive sulfuric acid rain. The Moon GEOLOGY: The Moon was volcanically active in the distant past but is almost completely dead now. Only minor releases of gas and some small "lunarquakes" still occur. WATER: No liquid surface water, but ice exists in some polar craters. ATMOSPHERE: No significant atmosphere. If it were not orbiting around Earth itself is would be considered at Planet  Mars (4th Planet) GEOLOGY: Mars is almost completely dead, but some volcanic activity may still be possible. Mars has the solar system's largest volcanoes, somewhat similar in type to those in Hawaii. NASA's InSight lander detected marsquakes. Scientists used them to examine the planet's interior structure. WATER: Mars has no liquid surface water today but had rivers and a shallow ocean in the past. Vast amounts of subsurface water still exist. Mars also has polar ice caps. ATMOSPHERE: It has a very thin atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide. Seasonal planet-wide dust storms are common. Gas Giant Planets There are 2 gas giant planets in our solar system: Jupiter and Saturn. They are largely composed of the gases hydrogen and helium, with small rocky interiors. Gas giants do not have geology or oceans in the way we know them on Earth. 8-28-26 Jupiter - the Largest Planet ATMOSPHERE: Jupiter has high velocity winds and massive rotating weather systems, such as the Great Red Spot. Which are in the southern hemisphere, and storms in the northern hemisphere.  Although they appear similar to hurricanes (Low pressure systems), many of Jupiter's "storms" are anticyclones (high pressure). Jupiter's Moons The only geological features to be found in the region are on a few of Jupiter's moons: Io -The most volcanically active object in the solar system, with several active lava flows and lava lakes photographed and multiple eruptions recorded. Europa - Has a liquid ocean beneath a thick layer of ice. It also has some kind of geologic activity, similar to ice-based plate tectonics. Both the European Space Agency and NASA are sending missions to examine the moon in detail. Saturn - the Ringed Planet ATMOSPHERE: Generally similar to Jupiter MOONS: Titan - the only moon with a significant atmosphere (mostly nitrogen) and weather. It has clouds and rainfall based on methane (natural gas). Methane rivers flow across its surface, and methane lakes are found in polar regions. Enceladus - like Jupiter's moon Europa, it is believed to have an ice-covered ocean. A type of water-based volcanism (geysers) is active. Water has been seen erupting out of long fractures with enough energy to be ejected into space. Ice Giant Planets There are 2 ice giant planets in our solar system: Uranus and Neptune. Similar to gas giants, they have large amounts of hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres but have large mantles of ices above their small rocky cores. They are both relatively large and lack geology or oceans Uranus ATMOSPHERE: Similar to the gas giant planets, it has very high winds. MOONS: Miranda - a geologically complex satellite with one of the highest cliffs (over 3 miles) in the solar system. Neptune ATMOSPHERE: Similar to Uranus, but warmer even though it is farther from the Sun. MOONS: Triton - despite being extremely cold, it has active nitrogen geysers. Pluto - A Dwarf Planet Pluto has an atmosphere containing nitrogen, methane, ammonia, etc. It may freeze to the surface when it is far from the Sun. NASA's New Horizons mission examined the planet, finding active nitrogen glaciers and evidence of other recent geologic activity. 8-31-26 The Sun and the Earth  The Sun is very significant to life on Earth and the processes that affect it. It is the major source of Earth's surface heat, and its gravity has a significant influence on tides. However, the relationship between our planet and the Sun changes over time, so the Sun's energy output. The Suns Influence  Most weather systems and storms on Earth require heat energy to function. The majority of that comes from the Sun. Areas with more direct sunlight usually have more significant weather events - hurricanes in the tropics, tornadoes in mid-latitudes. Water heated by the sun plays a major role in regional weather and global climate  Heat, Weather and Climate Solar radiation plays the dominant role in Earth's weather and climate. Geologic heat (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics) and heat from human activities often plays a more limited, but still significant, role. Any changes in the relationship of the Earth and Sun will influence weather and climate. This could be on a daily, yearly or even longer cycle. The Sun's Influence The Earth is closer to the Sun in January than it is in July (by about 3 million miles). So why is winter cold? The change in distance is not a major factor on a yearly basis. However, it does play a role over longer time periods when the situation is reversed (we are then closer in July). Long term climate can be significantly affected. Seasonal Influence The tilt of the Earth's axis is the primary cause of our seasons  Winter is cold because the Earth is tilted away from the sun, receiving less heat energy and days are shorter. Summer is warmer because the Earth is tilted towards the sun and days are longer. Regions near the equator have no significant seasons  The Sun and the Earth Longer term variations have also been linked to the Sun. One example is The Little Ice Age (~15th to 19th centuries). This occurred during a period of lower-than-normal solar activity. It's a bit more complex than that, however. Volcanic activity almost certainly played a large part in this climatic event as well, possibly acting as a trigger to start it. Changing Earth/Sun Relationships To make things even more complicated, Earth's orbit around the Sun and the tilt of Earth's axis change over time. This is widely believed to have a major influence on long-term global climate. Fortunately, these occur over very long periods of time and are of no significant concern In the near future 9-2-26 Near Earth Objects Asteroids and Comets that can closely Approach the Earth  On Oct. 15th, asteroid 2022 UP6 may pass Earth at a difference of less than 105,000 miles, closer than the Moon( (239,000) Impacts It was once thought that impact events were not significant on Earth, either now or in the past. That changed in the late 20th century. A large impact has recently been linked to massive global climate change that may have ended Earth's first ice age. Another impact may have triggered an ice age and a mass extinction event. Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) NEOs are asteroids or comets with orbits that either cross or closely approach the Earth. Most are small asteroids. There may be thousands of them in our solar system with diameters of 1 kilometer or more. A collision with an object that size would cause severe changes to our planet's climates. Significant impacts occur, on average, about once a century. Smaller ones have caused property damage and occasional injuries every few years. Scientists have discovered over 42,000 NEOs so far, but most are very small. Only a few are considered (extremely slight) impact risks. The Chelyabinsk Meteor On February 15, 2013, a meteorite over 60 feet in diameter and over 10,000 tons exploded over the Ural Mountains in Russia. The impact shock wave injured over 1500 people. NEOs: Asteroids (NEAS) Since most are small, it has been difficult to detect most of them until very recently. They can be composed of rock, metals or both. We now know that many asteroids are not very solid. They resemble large gravel piles held weakly together by gravity. Others are more metallic, made of iron and nickel. NEOs: Comets (NECs) They often travel at higher velocities than asteroids as they approach Earth's orbit. Comets are very similar to most asteroids except they contain much more ice. Although far fewer in number, they are easier to detect than asteroids because of their brightness as the ice vaporizes due to solar heating. NEC Impact A collision with a comet would not be much different than one involving most asteroids. Collisions are mainly about mass and velocity. A large comet could be more deadly than a large asteroid, if it hit with a higher velocity. NEOs: Impacts In late 2021, NASA launched the DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission to the asteroid Didymos to impact with its small moon Dimorphos in late September 2022. It was overwhelmingly successful - the impact changed the orbit of Dimorphos, demonstrating that NEOs can be redirected into safer orbits. Throughout the solar system, we can see examples of collisions between planets (and their moons) and asteroids/comets. The Moon is heavily cratered due to ancient impact events. So are most of the moons of every planet we have photographed. Mars and Mercury have many large craters. 9-4-26  Craters on Earth Once thought to be rare, scientists have now discovered over 194 confirmed impact craters on Earth. The vast majority don't look like the Moon's craters, however. Erosion and other surface processes on Earth have buried or deformed most of our craters. Barringer Crater in Arizona formed from an object about 150 feet in diameter. An Ancient Impact in Ohio In southern Ohio, the remains of an ancient impact crater are located beneath Serpent Mound. The heavily eroded crater is about 5 miles in diameter. 20th Century Impact In 1908, a comet exploded as it disintegrated over Tunguska, Siberia. Forests were destroyed over an area of 810 square miles, but no crater was left behind. This type of "impact" may be fairly common. It is estimated that if the impact would have occurred a few hours later, Moscow might have been destroyed. Importance of Plate Tectonics The process of plate tectonics reshapes the Earth's surface over time and is the key to our understanding of:  Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanoes Formation of major mountain ranges Formation and evolution of ocean basins Plate Tectonics and Earth's Interior Structure Unlike the earlier theory of continental drift, which only dealt with moving pieces of continental crust, plate tectonics involves the oceans as well. It also includes layers deeper in the Earth's interior- the lithosphere and the mantle. Earth's Structure CRUST: Oceanic Crust - relatively thin, composed of basalt (a volcanic rock) Continental Crust- thicker, made of granite. Basalt is denser than granite - this is very important in plate tectonic activity. Deeper Earth Structure MANTLE: The mantle is separated from the crust by a boundary layer. The rocks in this layer are solid, but due to high temperatures and pressures, they flow very slowly. The Earth's Core OUTER CORE: The outer core is molten (liquid) and largely made of iron and nickel. The Earth's magnetic field originates here. INNER CORE: The inner core is solid due to very high pressures. It is also mostly made of iron and nickel. The Earth's Interior: Other Layers The Lithosphere: The crust and uppermost part of the mantle Rocks in this layer are solid and brittle It is broken into pieces called plates The Asthenosphere: Part of the mantle below the lithosphere Rocks here are solid, but can flow slowly Plate Tectonics - The Basics Most of the large plates are named after the continents that they contain. The majority of the Pacific Ocean is also on one plate. Smaller plates are just as important as large ones- they are responsible for many earthquakes and volcanoes, such as those in Washington, Oregon and northern California. Plate Tectonics Plates are made of oceanic lithosphere (basalt), continental lithosphere (granite) or both. As the plates move, they interact with each other. This causes most of the world's large earthquakes, mountain ranges and major volcanoes. Geologic activity is generally found at or near plate boundaries. Divergent Plate Boundaries Plates separate & move away from each other. New plate material (oceanic lithosphere) is created as molten material fills in the rift. Most are located in the oceans (central Atlantic, caster Pacific, etc.), but some are on land (east Africa, Iceland). Location of Earthquakes and Volcanos The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Although it is mostly underwater, there are several islands located on top of it, such as Iceland and the Azores. The average spreading rate is about 1 inch per year. MAIN POINTS: New oceanic plate material is created. Small earthquakes are common, large ones are rare. Volcanic activity is common. Convergent Plate Boundaries Plates collide with each other. Plate material may be destroyed by subduction (if oceanic lithosphere is involved). Continental lithosphere does not subduct. The type of geologic activity depends upon what kind of lithosphere is involved Ocean-Ocean Convergent  One of the ocean floor plates is subducted. Volcanic activity creates island-arcs on the surviving plate. Earthquakes are common and may be large. Examples – Japan, Indonesia, Aleutian Islands Ocean continent convergent  The ocean floor plate is subducted, the continental plate is not. Volcanoes form on the edge of the continent. Earthquakes may be common and are potentially very large. Examples – west coasts of North and South America Continent Continent Convergent  Neither plate is subducted. Significant volcanic activity is unlikely. Earthquakes are relatively common and are potentially very large. Major mountain ranges are created. Examples – Himalaya Mts. and the Alps MAIN POINTS: Oceanic plate material is destroyed. Continental plate material isn’t subducted. Earthquakes of all sizes can occur. Volcanic activity is common if ocean floor is involved, but not at continent-continent boundaries. Transform Plate Boundaries Plates “slide” past each other. No new plate material is created, no old plate material is destroyed.  Most are found on the ocean floor, but some are on land – The San Andreas Fault. Volcanoes do not tend to form here. Motion along a transform plate boundary is not always smooth or continuous. Bends in the boundary can cause some sections to lock-up for long periods. This occurs near Los Angeles. Their last major earthquake was in 1857. Unlike the other plate boundaries which are created by movements of the asthenosphere, these mainly exist to connect divergent and/or convergent boundaries to one another. Despite their lack of volcanism, hot water (hydrothermal) systems are common and are major sites of exotic ecosystems. MAIN POINTS: Oceanic plate material is neither created nor destroyed. Earthquakes of all sizes can occur, but extremely large ones are not common. Significant volcanic activity is not likely. THINGS TO REMEMBER  Divergent activity creates new ocean floor material. Convergent activity destroys old ocean floor material. Transform activity does not create or destroy plate material, it just moves it to new locations. OTHER PLANETS AND MOONS: Know the geology, oceans and atmospheric conditions of the other planets (and their notable moons), types of planets. NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS (NEOs): Asteroids and comets; impacts of NEOs;     ancient impacts on Earth PLATE TECTONICS: The layers of the Earth – their composition and properties. What is significant about each layer. Earlier versions of the theory (Continental Drift, etc.) and how they differ from plate tectonics. PLATE TECTONICS: Types of plate boundaries – geologic activity (volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.), what kind of motion occurs (separation, collision, etc.), creation and    destruction of ocean floors.

Se for accidental occurance

Here is your complete, updated master reviewer for Gizmo. Every table has been converted into clean, plain-text blocks, clear definitions are included for every main section, and concrete examples are integrated under every single term so you can copy and paste it directly into flashcards. 1. Literary Devices & Elements What are Literary Devices and Elements? Literary devices and elements are specific techniques, structures, and tools that authors use to shape their writing, convey deeper meanings, create vivid imagery, and build engaging stories. Figurative Language What is Figurative Language? Words or expressions used with a non-literal meaning to make ideas more vivid, creative, and impactful. * Metaphor: Direct comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as". * Example: "Time is a thief." / "His voice was music to her ears." * Simile: Comparison of two things using "like" or "as". * Example: "He ran as fast as the wind." / "Her eyes shined like diamonds." * Personification: Gives human traits, emotions, or actions to non-human objects or abstract concepts. * Example: "The wind whispered secrets through the trees." * Hyperbole: Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or dramatic effect. * Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." / "I've told you a million times." * Irony: Expressing meaning using language that normally signifies the opposite (verbal, situational, or dramatic). * Example: A fire station burning down. (Situational Irony) * Oxymoron: Two contradictory or opposite words placed side-by-side. * Example: "Deafening silence," "Bittersweet," "Living dead." Sound Devices What are Sound Devices? Resources used by writers to emphasize the auditory aspects of a text, creating musicality, rhythm, or mood. * Assonance: Repetition of internal vowel sounds within nearby words. * Example: "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain." * Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words. * Example: "Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled peppers." * Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the middle or end of words. * Example: "The million alligators slithered through the mud." * Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate or sound like the real-world noise they describe. * Example: Buzz, crash, hiss, sizzle, boom. * Rhyme, Rhythm, & Repetition: Repeating sounds, beat patterns, or words to create emphasis and musicality. * Example: "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." (Repetition) Maxim, Universal Truth, & Philosophy What are Maxims, Universal Truths, & Philosophies? Statements that reflect general human principles, moral guidance, or shared human experiences. * Maxim: A short, simple saying that gives humans practical advice or a rule of conduct. * Example: "Actions speak louder than words." * Universal Truth: A statement or insight about human life that is true for all people across different times and cultures. * Example: "All humans desire love and belonging." * Philosophy: A foundational belief, worldview, or underlying way of thinking that guides how a person lives or interprets life. * Example: Stoicism teaches that we should focus only on what we can control. Poetic Structure & Style What is Poetic Structure & Style? The architectural layout of a poem, including how lines, sounds, meters, and word choices are organized. * Rhyme Types: * End Rhyme: Words at the end of poetic lines rhyme. * Example: "The cat sat on the mat / It chased a little rat." * Internal Rhyme: Rhyming occurs within a single line of poetry. * Example: "I drove the car to the bar." * Eye Rhyme: Words that look like they should rhyme based on spelling, but sound different when spoken. * Example: Love and Move / Laughter and Slaughter. * Perfect Rhyme: Stressed vowel sounds and all following consonants are identical. * Example: Cat and Hat / Light and Night. * Slant Rhyme: Imperfect or near-rhymes with similar but non-identical sounds. * Example: Shape and Keep / Worm and Swarm. * Meter: The systematic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables across a line of poetry (composed of poetic feet). * Example: Iambic pentameter ("Da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM"). * Stanza: A grouped set of lines within a poem (categorized as formal structure or free verse). * Example: A 4-line stanza is called a quatrain. * Diction: The author's deliberate choice of words and phrases: * Formal: Professional, elevated, or academic vocabulary. * Example: "I request your prompt assistance regarding this matter." * Informal: Everyday conversational language. * Example: "Can you give me a hand real quick?" * Slang: Highly casual words specific to a particular group, region, or subculture. * Example: "That idea is total cap." * Concrete: Specific words appealing directly to the five physical senses. * Example: "The freezing, crisp air smelled of pine needles." * Abstract: Broad ideas, feelings, or concepts requiring deeper interpretation. * Example: Concepts like freedom, justice, or truth. Tone, Style & Voice What are Tone, Style & Voice? The elements that define the emotional attitude, writing personality, and perspective of the author or narrator. * Tone: The author's or speaker's attitude toward the subject matter or audience. * Example: Sarcastic, formal, cheerful, or pessimistic. * Mood: The overall emotional atmosphere created by the author's choices, felt by the reader. * Example: Spooky, peaceful, romantic, or tense. * Style: The unique "fingerprint" or manner in which an author writes (Formal, Informal, or Poetic/Evocative). * Meaning Details: Includes Denotation (literal dictionary definition of a word) and Connotation (emotional or secondary meaning attached to a word). * Speaker, Point of View (POV), & Narrative Techniques: * Speaker / POV: Who is speaking or telling the story. * 1st Person: Narrator is a character in the story ("I", "we"). * 3rd Person Limited: Narrator focuses on the internal thoughts of only one character ("he", "she", "they"). * 3rd Person Omniscient: All-knowing narrator who knows the thoughts and feelings of every character. * Persona: The specific character or identity assumed by the writer or speaker. * Narrative Techniques: Methods used to present ideas: * Description: Setting scenes using visual and sensory details. * Flashback: Interrupting the timeline to show an earlier past event. * Reflection: The speaker looking back on an event to ponder its meaning. * Internal Monologue: Showing a character's unbroken flow of inner thoughts. * Dialogue: Spoken conversation between characters. * Example: "'I told you not to enter that room,' whispered Sarah." * Repetition: Intentionally repeating words or phrases for emphasis. 2. Narrative & Literary Analysis What is Narrative & Literary Analysis? The practice of examining the components of a story to understand how it is constructed and to uncover hidden meanings, symbols, and context. Elements of a Story / Narrative What are Narrative Elements? The structural building blocks that make up a story's plot, setting, characterization, and core message. * Plot Structure: The sequence of events in a story: * Exposition: Introduction of characters, setting, and basic situation. * Rising Action: Events and complications leading up to the main conflict. * Climax: The turning point or peak emotional intensity of the story. * Falling Action: Events after the climax that wrap up plot points. * Resolution / Dénouement: The final outcome or resolving of the core conflict. * Setting: Time, geographic location, historical period, and environmental conditions of the story. * Characterization: The methods used to reveal a character's personality: * Direct Characterization: Character traits explicitly stated by the narrator. * Example: "John was a lazy and dishonest boy." * Indirect Characterization (STEAL Method): Trait revealed through clues rather than being told directly: * S – Speech: What they say and how they say it. * Example: "Give me your lunch money right now!" (Shows bully behavior) * T – Thoughts: What is revealed through private inner feelings. * Example: I wish I could help, but I'm too terrified. (Shows internal fear) * E – Effect on others: How other characters react around this person. * Example: Everyone stopped laughing the moment she walked in. (Shows intimidating presence) * A – Actions: How the character behaves in specific situations. * Example: Mark carried the heavy grocery bags for the elderly woman. (Shows kindness) * L – Looks: Physical appearance, clothing, and body language. * Example: Sharply tailored suit, zero wrinkles, every hair in place. (Shows meticulous organization) Signs, Symbols, & Meaning (Semiotics) What is Semiotics? The study of signs, symbols, and how human beings create, interpret, and communicate meaning. * Sign: Anything that points to an idea, piece of information, or object. * Example: A red stop sign on the road. * Symbol: A specific kind of sign holding a deeper, secondary meaning beyond its literal appearance. * Example: A dove representing peace, or a red rose representing love. * Motif: A recurring element, image, object, or pattern that carries symbolic meaning throughout a work. * Example: The constant reappearance of a ticking clock representing running out of time. * Binary Oppositions: Contrasting concepts or pairs put together to highlight thematic conflict. * Example: Light vs. Darkness, Good vs. Evil, Youth vs. Old Age. * The Semiotic Triangle: A model explaining how language links to thought and reality: * Signifier: The physical image, written word, or sound used. * Example: The written word "D-O-G". * Reference: The mental concept, thought, or connotation behind the signifier. * Example: Thinking of a four-legged furry pet that barks. * Referent: The actual physical object or reality being represented. * Example: The real, living dog sitting in front of you. Organic Unity What is Organic Unity? The concept that every single element in a text (symbols, plot, tone, character actions) plays a unique role, yet none can function alone—every element is essential to the overall meaning and structure of the work. Contextual Analysis What is Contextual Analysis? Background information surrounding a literary work that helps readers understand it more deeply and recognize the values behind it. * Historical Context: Historical events, movements, and societal conditions influencing the story's era. * Example: Reading a story set during World War II to understand why food rationing occurs in the plot. * Cultural Context: Shared beliefs, customs, values, and traditions shaping character choices and themes. * Example: Analyzing family traditions and societal expectations in a story set in ancient Asia. * Biographical Context: How the author's real-life experiences and personal background impact their writing. * Example: Knowing Edgar Allan Poe experienced loss helps explain the grief themes in his poetry. * Psychological Context: Mental states, inner motivations, trauma, and psychological behaviors of characters or the author. * Example: Examining how traumatic events affect a main character's choices and fears. 3. Author's Purpose & Rhetorical Modes What is Author's Purpose? The primary reason why an author creates a text (a literary piece can have multiple purposes). To Persuade * Core Intent: Convince the reader to act or adopt a specific belief. * Key Techniques & Features: * Ethos (Credibility / Ethics): Establishing trust, authority, or moral character. * Example: "As a doctor with 20 years of experience, I recommend this treatment." * Pathos (Emotion): Appealing to the reader's feelings (sympathy, fear, joy). * Example: "Don't let innocent shelter animals spend another night in the cold." * Logos (Logic): Using facts, statistics, and logical reasoning. * Example: "Data shows that wearing seatbelts reduces injury risks by 45%." * Call-to-Action (CTA): Directly telling the reader what action to take. * Example: "Sign this petition today to protect our rivers!" To Inform * Core Intent: Educate or share facts objectively without personal bias or subjective views. * Key Features: Textbooks, news reports, informational articles, research papers. To Entertain * Core Intent: Provide enjoyment, amusement, or engagement for the reader. * Key Techniques & Features: * Suspense: Creating anxiety or intense anticipation about what will happen next. * Example: "The footsteps grew louder on the wooden floorboards right outside her bedroom..." * Vivid Storytelling: Using rich sensory details so the reader can visualize the scene. * Example: "The crisp, icy wind whipped through the towering pine trees as the sun dipped below the crimson horizon." To Express Emotions * Core Intent: Share deeply personal, subjective experiences and inner feelings. * Key Features: Uses 1st Person POV ("I", "my"), personal journals, lyric poetry, and emotional reflections. To Explain / Analyze * Core Intent: Blend information with deeper critical insight to help readers thoroughly understand a complex topic. To Teach / Impart Values * Core Intent: Convey a moral lesson, ethical value, or clear guidance to the reader. * Key Features: Fables, parables, allegories, and didactic stories. To Criticize Society * Core Intent: Question and challenge societal norms, political issues, or systemic flaws. * Key Features: Uses satire, irony, allegory, social commentary, and exaggeration. To Reflect Human Experience * Core Intent: Represent human culture, shared traditions, and everyday lived realities. To Inspire * Core Intent: Encourage readers to believe, hold onto hope, and overcome challenges.

Literární slohy a autoři

Chapter 4.5: Compartmentalization Occurs in Prokaryotic Cells and Is Extensive in Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes Body Membranes Functions of body membranes Cover body surfaces Line body cavities Form protective sheets around organs Classified according to tissue types Body Membranes Two major categories Epithelial membranes Cutaneous membranes Mucous membranes Serous membranes Connective tissue membranes Synovial membranes Epithelial Membranes Epithelial membranes are simple organs Also called covering and lining membranes These membranes contain both: Epithelial tissue layer Connective tissue layer Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous membrane = skin Dry membrane Outermost protective boundary Consists of two layers Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue Epithelial Membranes • Mucous membranes (mucosae) • I Moist membranes Some mucosae secrete protective, lubricating mucus Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface • Adapted for absorption or secretion • ' Consists of two layers • Epithelium type depends on site • Loose connective tissue (lamina propria) Epithelial Membranes Serous membranes (serosae) Line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are ciosed to the exterior of the body Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer Consists of two layers Simple squamous epithelium Areolar connective tissue Epithelial Membranes Specific serous membranes Peritoneum Cover organs in the abdominal cavity Pleurae Surround the lungs Pericardia Surround the heart Connective Tissue Membranes Synovial membranes Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue) Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints Line bursae Line tendon sheaths Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity Integumentary System Integumentary system consists of the: Skin (cutaneous membrane) Skin appendages Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails Functions of the Integumentary System Insulates and cushion deeper body organs Protects the entire body from: Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts) Chemical damage (acids and bases) Thermal damage (heat or cold) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight) Microbes (bacteria) • Water loss Functions of the Integumentary System Regulates heat loss as controlled by the nervous system Acts as a mini-excretory system; sweat aids in the loss of Urea Salts Water Synthesizes vitamin D Secretions create a protective acid mantle Structure of the Skin Two kinds of tissue compose the skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) Anchors the skin to underlying organs Not technically part of the integumentary system Composed mostly of adipose tissue Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues Structure of the Skin Epidermisouter layer Composed of stratified squamous epithelium Most cells are keratinocytes which produce a fibrous protein called keratin Keratinization makes the epidermis tough Desmosomes connect keratinocytes together Avascular Composed of five layers (strata) Structure of the Skin Summary of strata (layers) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) Stratum corneum Structure of the Skin Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers Stratum spinosum Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized Structure of the Skin Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet Stratum corneum Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents wat loss from skin Structure of the Skin Melanin Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis Color is yellow to brown to black Structure of the Skin Epidermal dendritic cells Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion) Merkel cells Associated with sensory nerve endings Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs Structure of the Skin Dermis Connective tissue Underlies the epidermis Two regions Papillary Reticular Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain projections called dermal papillae Areolar connective tissue Indent the epidermis above Many projections contain capillary loops, and others house pain and touch receptors On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) Dense irregular connective tissue Blood vessels Sweat and oil glands Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles) Structure of the Skin Other dermal features Cutaneous sensory receptors Phagocytes Collagen and elastic fibers Blood vessels I Nerve supply Skin Color • Three pigments contribute to skin color 1. Melanin • Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments 2. Carotene • Orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables) 3. Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring Skin Color Redness (erythema) due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy Pallor (blanching) due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area Jaundice (yellow cast)-indicates a liver disorder • Bruises (black and blue marks)-hematomas Appendages of the Skin Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Hair and hair follicles Nails Appendages of the Skin Sebaceous (oil) glands Located all over the skin except for palms and soles Produce sebum (oil) Makes skin soft and moist Prevents hair from becoming brittle Kills bacteria Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty with increased androgens Appendages of the Skin Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin Two types of sudoriferous glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Appendages of the Skin Eccrine glands More numerous, located all over the body Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin's surface Produce acidic sweat Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste Function in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Apocrine glands Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color) • Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Hair Located body-wide except for palms, soles, nipples, lips Produced by hair follicle Root is enclosed in the follicle Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale Appendages of the Skin Hair anatomy Central medulla Cortex surrounds medulla Cuticle on outside of cortex Most heavily keratinized region of the hair Melanin provides color Appendages of the Skin Associated hair structures Hair follicle Composed of an inner epithelial root sheath andan outer fibrous sheath Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle) Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened Appendages of the Skin Nails Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes nails colorless Appendages of the Skin Parts of a nail Free edge Body is the visible attached portion Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge Root of nail is embedded in skin Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix of nail bed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Athlete's foot Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles Caused by inflammation of hair follicles Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria Cold sores (fever blisters) Caused by human herpesvirus 1 Blisters itch and sting Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Contact dermatitis Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin Impetigo Caused by bacterial infection Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose Psoriasis Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, Crack, or sometimes bleed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin • Burns Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers Protein denaturation and cell death Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Circulatory shock Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Extent of a burn is estimated using the rule of nines Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA replication, mitosis, or both. Cells experiencing rapid, uncontrolled growth become cancerous and can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA • One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes Lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth Vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at birth Milia, small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week Acne may appear during adolescence Pimples, scales, and dermatitis are more common with aging skin Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to excessive sunlight Balding (alopecia) and/or graying occurs with aging; both are genetically determined other factors that may contribute include drugs and emotional stress

Pathology, Biopsy, Autopsy, and Cellular Injury

oscar wilde

02_ Occurence Reporting

Psicologia dello Sviluppo: Teorie, Autori e Metodi di Ricerca