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Enlightenment & Revolutions - Chapter 21 Study Guide Key Vocabulary 1 philosopher - person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker 1 geocentric - Earth-centered - everything revolves around the Earth 1 sphere - shape of heavenly objects 1 heliocentric - sun-centered - everything revolves around the sun - moon revolves around the earth 1 universal law of gravitation - one of Newton’s three rules of motion - force of gravity exists between all objects in space 1 rationalism - system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge 1 scientific method - systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence 1 inductive reasoning - type of thinking in which scientists proceed from observation and experimentation(particular thinking) to develop general conclusions 2 philosophe - French term for philosopher - applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment 2 separation of powers - form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of check and balances 2 deism - 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and Natural law 2 laissez-faire - let the people do what they want - government stays out of the economy 2 generation - group of people born and living at the same time 2 social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community 2 arbitrary - at one’s discretion, random 2 salons - elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, aristocrats, government officials, wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes 2 rococo - artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s - highly secular, emphasizing charm, grace, gentle action 3 enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers 4 federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments 4 amendment - an alteration (change) proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Key People 1 Ptolemy - greatest ancient astronomer - lived in AD 100s - idea of geocentric heavenly bodies 1 Nicolaus Copernicus - mathematician - idea of heliocentric universe 1 Johannes Kepler - mathematician - developed laws of planetary motion - elliptical 1 Galileo Galilei - mathematician - used telescopes to observe the universe - mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter - planets were not orbs of light - Catholic Church criticized him for moving away from traditional view of people at the center of the universe 1 Isaac Newton - mathematician - greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution - explained laws of motion - gravity 1 Galen - Greek physician in the AD 100s who dissected animals to learn about human anatomy 1 Andres Vesalius - physician in 16th century who dissected humans to study anatomy - organs 1 William Harvey - physician in the 16th century who discovered the heart was the beginning of blood circulation 1 Blaise Pascal - French scientist who discovered how liquids behaved under pressure - syringe 1 Robert Boyle - chemist who studied how pressure affected the volume of gas 1 Margaret Cavendish - philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes (written works) 1 Maria Winkelmann - most famous female astronomer in Germany - discovered a comet 1 Rene Descartes - “father of modern rationalism” - French philosopher who determined that mind and matter are completely separated 1 Francis Bacon - English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method 2 John Locke - Englishman who believed everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by their experience, their surroundings 2 Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) - French noble - developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful 2 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) - greatest figure of the Enlightenment - criticized christianity - championed the idea of deism - philosophy based on reason and natural law (followed the idea of Newton’s world machine explanation) 2 Denis Diderot - French writer who wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge the general way of thinking - discussed religious superstitions and supported religious toleration - called for social, legal, political reforms Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez-faire - gave government 3 duties 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment - developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people - all forced to abide by it) 2 Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer who championed women’s right in the Enlightenment 2 Henry Fielding - English writer who wrote novels about people Without morals who survive by their wits 2 John Wesley - developed a new religious movement in England (methodism) - idea of conversion which led to doing good works 2 Balthasar Neumann - one of the greatest 18th century architects 2 Antoine Watteau - artist who used the rococo artistic style 2 Franz Joseph Haydn - Enlightenment musical composer - spent time directing music for the wealthy 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - child prodigy - seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn. 3 Frederick William I - Prussian king who maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army during his tenure 3 Frederick II Frederick the Great - best educated monarch - increased the size of the army - used Enlightenment ideas to make some changes to torture procedures and limited freedom of speech and press but kept the rigid serfdom and social structure 3 Empress Maria Theresa - Austrian empress who inherited the throne and worked to improve the condition of the serfs - strengthened the state and centralized its governance. 3 Joseph II - son of Maria Theresa - made widespread changes breason - freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law and enacted religious reforms - - His successors undid his changes. 3 Catherine II - Catherine the Great - ruled russisa - halted Rural reform and serfdom was expanded - expanded the territory of Russia - did not undertake Enlightenment ideas - just talked about them Important concepts 3 The Seven Years’ War - global war fought from 1756-1763 - France allies with Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia - war was fought in 3 locations (Europe,India,North America) - In the end, all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except Silesia - Austria recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. 4 British - term that came to refer to both the English and the Scots The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in1707 1 Scientific Revolution - a period of European history in which scien and technological changes helped make advancements in European culture. However, this time period also reflected a change in the way that Europeans viewed themselves

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