Part C: The American Dream - Vocabulary

UGA History Exemption Test - UPDATED BY DREW YALL WELCOME

California Dreaming Late Summer Menu

Cardio Derm

Hope and dreams

SA Nursing 2- Derm Disorders

Firnsin, Drew, Period 7

Reading 1: Do animals dream?

Verbes irréguliers en anglais (BE à DREAM)

Vocabulary Unit 1: Teenage Dreams

Biologie et biochimie de la peau : Le derme

Objective Derm Terms

1. “Peter Piper picked purple peppers.” Which literary term is demonstrated by the repeated beginning consonant sound? Answer: Alliteration 2. “Oh, Moon, why must you hide tonight?” A speaker directly addresses the moon as though it could respond. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Apostrophe 3. “We will fight. We will endure. We will succeed.” Which literary term is demonstrated by repeating the same words at the beginning of successive sentences? Answer: Anaphora 4. In a play, a character turns toward the audience and quietly says, “Nobody here knows my real plan,” while the other characters act as though they cannot hear. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Aside 5. A poem describes a hero who leaves home, faces a great challenge, and returns transformed, reflecting a pattern found across many cultures. Which term best describes this recurring pattern? Answer: Archetype 6. A writer uses words such as “crack,” “clang,” “hiss,” and “clash” to create harsh, unpleasant sounds. Which term is demonstrated? Answer: Cacophony 7. A poem tells the story of a traveler and repeatedly returns to the same line at the end of each stanza. Which term best describes the poem? Answer: Ballad 8. A story about animals competing for control of a farm also represents different abstract political ideas beyond the literal animal story. Which term best describes the story? Answer: Allegory 9. A poet uses several words with similar repeated vowel sounds in stressed syllables. Which literary term is demonstrated? Answer: Assonance 10. An author presents a character as impatient, generous, and stubborn through the character’s actions and descriptions. What term describes the author’s method of presenting the character? Answer: Characterization 11. A writer says, “He ran, jumped, climbed, sprinted” without using “and” between the actions. Which literary term is demonstrated? Answer: Asyndeton 12. A writer describes a dark, abandoned house using gloomy imagery to make the reader feel nervous and uncomfortable. Which term describes the feeling created for the reader? Answer: Atmosphere (mood) 13. A character spends the story trying to stop the main character from achieving their goal. What is this character called? Answer: Antagonist 14. A writer says, “She is as brave as a lion,” comparing two things that are different but share a particular quality. Which term describes this type of comparison? Answer: Analogy 15. A poem contains five metrical feet per line, uses iambic rhythm, and does not rhyme. Which term describes this type of poetry? Answer: Blank verse 16. A poet writes about enjoying the present because life is short and opportunities should be appreciated while they last. Which term describes this theme? Answer: Carpe diem 17. During a dramatic scene, a character experiences an intense emotional release that leaves the audience feeling emotionally relieved. Which term describes this purification or purging of emotions? Answer: Catharsis 18. A poet writes a line with a noticeable pause in the middle: “The night was dark — / the road was silent.” Which term describes the pause within the line of poetry? Answer: Caesura 19. A narrator briefly mentions “a David facing Goliath” to describe a small person or group confronting a powerful opponent. Which term is being used? Answer: Allusion 20. A fictional story contains an imaginary person who has their own personality, actions, and role in the story. What is this person called? Answer: Character 1. Allegory — A narrative in verse or prose in which characters, actions, and sometimes settings represent abstract concepts beyond the literal meaning of the story. 2. Alliteration — The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. 3. Allusion — A brief reference to a person, event, or place in history, or to a work of art or literature. 4. Analogy — A comparison made between two items, situations, or ideas that are somewhat alike but unlike in most respects. 5. Anaphora — Repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in successive sentences, clauses, or phrases is repeated. 6. Antagonist — A character in a story or play who opposes the protagonist. 7. Apostrophe — A figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent person or a personified quality, object, or idea. 8. Archetype — A character, action, or situation that represents common patterns of human life and often has a common meaning throughout a culture or humanity. 9. Aside — In drama, a few words or a short passage spoken by one character to the audience while the other actors pretend they cannot hear the speaker. 10. Assonance — The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds in stressed syllables or words. 11. Asyndeton — The omission of conjunctions from constructions in which they would normally be used. 12. Atmosphere (mood) — The mood or feeling of a literary work created for the reader by the writer. 13. Ballad — A narrative poem that usually includes a repeated refrain. 14. Blank verse — Unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line of five feet. 15. Cacophony — The use of words in poetry that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. 16. Caesura — A pause within a line of poetry. 17. Carpe diem — Latin for “seize the day”; a theme frequently found in lyric poetry that encourages enjoying life’s pleasures while you are able. 18. Catharsis — Purification or purging of emotions, such as pity or fear. 19. Character — An imaginary person represented in a work of fiction. 20. Characterization — The method an author uses to acquaint the reader with his or her characters

Clin Med - Derm

Derm Part 3

Modules 9 and 10: Sleep, Dreams, and Psychoactive Drugs

Week 8 - Derm

Week 8 - Derm

Derm 1

Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes Body Membranes Functions of body membranes Cover body surfaces Line body cavities Form protective sheets around organs Classified according to tissue types Body Membranes Two major categories Epithelial membranes Cutaneous membranes Mucous membranes Serous membranes Connective tissue membranes Synovial membranes Epithelial Membranes Epithelial membranes are simple organs Also called covering and lining membranes These membranes contain both: Epithelial tissue layer Connective tissue layer Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous membrane = skin Dry membrane Outermost protective boundary Consists of two layers Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue Epithelial Membranes • Mucous membranes (mucosae) • I Moist membranes Some mucosae secrete protective, lubricating mucus Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface • Adapted for absorption or secretion • ' Consists of two layers • Epithelium type depends on site • Loose connective tissue (lamina propria) Epithelial Membranes Serous membranes (serosae) Line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are ciosed to the exterior of the body Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer Consists of two layers Simple squamous epithelium Areolar connective tissue Epithelial Membranes Specific serous membranes Peritoneum Cover organs in the abdominal cavity Pleurae Surround the lungs Pericardia Surround the heart Connective Tissue Membranes Synovial membranes Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue) Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints Line bursae Line tendon sheaths Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity Integumentary System Integumentary system consists of the: Skin (cutaneous membrane) Skin appendages Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails Functions of the Integumentary System Insulates and cushion deeper body organs Protects the entire body from: Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts) Chemical damage (acids and bases) Thermal damage (heat or cold) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight) Microbes (bacteria) • Water loss Functions of the Integumentary System Regulates heat loss as controlled by the nervous system Acts as a mini-excretory system; sweat aids in the loss of Urea Salts Water Synthesizes vitamin D Secretions create a protective acid mantle Structure of the Skin Two kinds of tissue compose the skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) Anchors the skin to underlying organs Not technically part of the integumentary system Composed mostly of adipose tissue Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues Structure of the Skin Epidermisouter layer Composed of stratified squamous epithelium Most cells are keratinocytes which produce a fibrous protein called keratin Keratinization makes the epidermis tough Desmosomes connect keratinocytes together Avascular Composed of five layers (strata) Structure of the Skin Summary of strata (layers) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) Stratum corneum Structure of the Skin Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers Stratum spinosum Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized Structure of the Skin Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet Stratum corneum Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents wat loss from skin Structure of the Skin Melanin Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis Color is yellow to brown to black Structure of the Skin Epidermal dendritic cells Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion) Merkel cells Associated with sensory nerve endings Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs Structure of the Skin Dermis Connective tissue Underlies the epidermis Two regions Papillary Reticular Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain projections called dermal papillae Areolar connective tissue Indent the epidermis above Many projections contain capillary loops, and others house pain and touch receptors On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) Dense irregular connective tissue Blood vessels Sweat and oil glands Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles) Structure of the Skin Other dermal features Cutaneous sensory receptors Phagocytes Collagen and elastic fibers Blood vessels I Nerve supply Skin Color • Three pigments contribute to skin color 1. Melanin • Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments 2. Carotene • Orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables) 3. Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring Skin Color Redness (erythema) due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy Pallor (blanching) due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area Jaundice (yellow cast)-indicates a liver disorder • Bruises (black and blue marks)-hematomas Appendages of the Skin Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Hair and hair follicles Nails Appendages of the Skin Sebaceous (oil) glands Located all over the skin except for palms and soles Produce sebum (oil) Makes skin soft and moist Prevents hair from becoming brittle Kills bacteria Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty with increased androgens Appendages of the Skin Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin Two types of sudoriferous glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Appendages of the Skin Eccrine glands More numerous, located all over the body Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin's surface Produce acidic sweat Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste Function in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Apocrine glands Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color) • Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Hair Located body-wide except for palms, soles, nipples, lips Produced by hair follicle Root is enclosed in the follicle Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale Appendages of the Skin Hair anatomy Central medulla Cortex surrounds medulla Cuticle on outside of cortex Most heavily keratinized region of the hair Melanin provides color Appendages of the Skin Associated hair structures Hair follicle Composed of an inner epithelial root sheath andan outer fibrous sheath Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle) Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened Appendages of the Skin Nails Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes nails colorless Appendages of the Skin Parts of a nail Free edge Body is the visible attached portion Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge Root of nail is embedded in skin Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix of nail bed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Athlete's foot Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles Caused by inflammation of hair follicles Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria Cold sores (fever blisters) Caused by human herpesvirus 1 Blisters itch and sting Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Contact dermatitis Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin Impetigo Caused by bacterial infection Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose Psoriasis Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, Crack, or sometimes bleed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin • Burns Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers Protein denaturation and cell death Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Circulatory shock Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Extent of a burn is estimated using the rule of nines Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA replication, mitosis, or both. Cells experiencing rapid, uncontrolled growth become cancerous and can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA • One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes Lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth Vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at birth Milia, small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week Acne may appear during adolescence Pimples, scales, and dermatitis are more common with aging skin Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to excessive sunlight Balding (alopecia) and/or graying occurs with aging; both are genetically determined other factors that may contribute include drugs and emotional stress