DRRM

PART I — DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)

1. What is DRRM?
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) is the systematic process of preventing, reducing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters to protect people, property, and the environment.

Philippine Legal Basis

• Republic Act No. 10121 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010)
Strengthens the national DRRM system and provides the overall framework for managing disaster risks.

2. Four Pillars of DRRM (Memory Aid: P-P-R-R)

Easy Memory Flow:
Prevention → Preparedness → Response → Recovery

3. Hazards
A hazard is any event or process that can potentially harm people, damage property, or affect the environment.

A. Natural Hazards (caused by natural Earth processes)

• Geologic: Earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, tsunami

• Hydrometeorological: Typhoon, flood, storm surge, drought, tornado

B. Human-Induced / Anthropogenic Hazards (caused by human activities)
Examples: Fire, chemical/oil spills, industrial accidents, armed conflict, terrorism, pollution, building collapse.

C. Technological Hazards
Caused by failure of human-made systems or technology.

D. Quasi-Natural Hazards
Result from the interaction of natural processes and human activities.

4. Disaster Risk (Memory Aid: H-E-V-C)
Risk = (Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability) ÷ Capacity

• H = Hazard

• E = Exposure

• V = Vulnerability

• C = Capacity

Interpretation:
Higher hazard, exposure, or vulnerability → increases risk
Higher capacity → reduces risk

PART II — VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ASSESSMENT (VCA)

1. What is VCA?
A participatory process used to assess the risks people face, their vulnerability to those risks, and the capacities available to cope and recover.

2. Vulnerability
Characteristics or conditions that make a person, group, or community more likely to be affected by a hazard.
Always ask: “Vulnerability to what?” (must be linked to a specific hazard).

3. Types of Vulnerability (Memory Aid: P-S-E-E)

1. Physical — Weakness of structures (houses, roads, bridges, schools)

2. Social — Age, poverty, disability, gender, limited access to help

3. Environmental — Damage to forests, rivers, soil, mangroves, ecosystems

4. Economic — Loss of income, jobs, savings, businesses

4. Capacity
Resources and abilities of individuals, families, communities, and institutions to resist, cope with, or recover from hazards.
Examples: Emergency kits, evacuation plans, trained rescue teams, volunteers, strong houses, early warning systems, drills.

Strong capacity = better preparation, response, and recovery.

5. Three Key Principles of VCA (Memory Aid: C-P-S)

1. Data Collection (community questionnaires, government/UN/research sources)

2. Community Participation (community members are central)

3. Sharing Information (with community, authorities, and partners)

PART III — EDUCATION AND LITERACY

1. Education
The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes that help individuals make informed decisions, develop confidence, and participate in society.

2. Literacy
The ability to read, write, communicate, understand information, and apply knowledge in everyday life.
Modern literacy includes: numeracy, digital literacy, financial literacy, and critical thinking.

3. Education and Literacy Program
A planned set of activities to improve knowledge, literacy skills, and lifelong learning. Goals: empower individuals, improve quality of life, strengthen communities.

4. Types of Literacy Programs

• Basic Literacy — Reading, writing, basic comprehension

• Functional Literacy — Applying skills to everyday life

• Remedial & Early Childhood — Additional support for children

• Alternative Learning System (ALS) — For out-of-school youth and adults

• Community-Based Literacy — Tailored to community needs

• Digital Literacy — Using and understanding digital technology

• Financial Literacy — Budgeting, managing income/expenses, credit

• Health & Civic Literacy — Health information, citizenship, community participation

5. Beneficiaries
Children, out-of-school youth, adults, senior citizens, and anyone needing literacy services.

6. Importance of Literacy

• Improves reading/writing & communication

• Increases confidence

• Helps understand news, instructions, and online information

• Develops everyday skills (reading signs, filling forms, etc.)

• Improves education and employment opportunities

7. Legal Basis

• ROTC — Military training / National Defense

• RA 9163 — NSTP Act of 2001 (National Service Training Program)

• LTS (Literacy Training Service) — Teaches literacy and numeracy to school children, out-of-school youth, etc.

• CWTS — Civic Welfare / Community Service

• RA 11510 — Alternative Learning System (ALS) Act
Strengthens non-formal education for out-of-school youth and adults.

• RA 10121 — DRRM framework (already noted above)

8. Planning a Literacy Program

1. Identify community need

2. Identify beneficiaries

3. Set objectives

4. Select activities

5. Prepare materials/resources

6. Implement

7. Monitor

8. Evaluate

9. Evaluation
Determines if objectives were met (attendance records, pre/post-tests, learner feedback, observed progress).

Quick Reference Summary

• DRRM = Prevent → Prepare → Respond → Recover

• Risk = H × E × V ÷ C

• VCA = Identify Risk + Vulnerability + Capacity (Collect → Participate → Share)

• Vulnerability = Physical + Social + Environmental + Economic

• Literacy = Read + Write + Communicate + Understand + Apply

• NSTP Components: ROTC (Defense) • LTS (Literacy) • CWTS (Community Service)

• Key Laws: RA 10121 (DRRM), RA 9163 (NSTP), RA 11510 (ALS)