Colonizations 1

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French Colors

Colors

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Color Theory

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• Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own organic food molecules using energy from light or chemical bonds. • Overall Equation: \(6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2\) • Site of Photosynthesis: Organ: Leaf | Organelle: Chloroplast The Two Main Stages 1. Light-Dependent Reactions: • Location: Thylakoid membranes (labeled X in the diagram). • Reactant used: Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Products made: Oxygen (\(\text{O}_{2}\)), ATP, and NADPH. 2. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions): • Location: Stroma. • Reactant used: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • Products made: Glucose (\(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\)), ADP, and \(\text{NADP}^{+}\). Reactant & Product Tracking • Source of Carbon in Glucose: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • Source of Hydrogen in Glucose: Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Source of Released Oxygen Gas (\(\text{O}_{2}\)): Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Glucose Storage: Excess glucose is stored as starch. • Glucose Transport: Moved through the plant via phloem tissue. Light & Pigments • Light-Capturing Molecule: Chlorophyll. • Most Effective Light Colors: Blue and Red. • Least Effective Light Color: Green (it is reflected, which is why leaves look green). Leaf Anatomy & Gas Exchange • Cuticle: Waxy, waterproof outer layer that prevents water loss. • Stomata: Microscopic pores that control gas exchange (\(\text{CO}_{2}\) in, \(\text{O}_{2}\)/water vapor out). • Guard Cells: Cells that physically open and close the stomata. • Xylem: Vascular tissue that transports water up from roots to leaves. • Root Hairs: Hair-like extensions that increase surface area for water absorption. Effect of Open Stomata: • Photosynthesis: Increases (more \(\text{CO}_{2}\) enters). • Transpiration (Water Loss): Increases (water vapor escapes). • Plant Water Levels: Decreases. • Chlorophyll / Chloroplast Levels: Stays the same. 🔋 Part 2: Cellular Respiration Master Sheet Core Formula & Concepts • Overall Aerobic Equation: \(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}\) • Primary Energy Source: Glucose. • Primary Useful Product: ATP (used directly for cellular work like active transport and muscle contraction). • Waste Products: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)) and Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). The Three Aerobic Stages (In Order) 1. Glycolysis: • Location: Cytoplasm. • Details: Splits glucose into pyruvate. Does not require oxygen. 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): • Location: Mitochondrial Matrix. • Details: Breaks down pyruvate, releases \(\text{CO}_{2}\), and charges electron carriers (NADH and \(\text{FADH}_{2}\)). 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): • Location: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (cristae). • Details: Yields the greatest amount of ATP. Uses Oxygen (\(\text{O}_{2}\)) as the final electron/hydrogen acceptor to form water. Cellular Respiration Atom Tracking • Where the Carbons from Glucose end up: \(\text{CO}_{2}\). • Where the Hydrogens/Electrons from Glucose end up: \(\text{H}_2\text{O}\). 🏃 Part 3: Anaerobic Pathways, Exercise, & Redox Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) • Definition: Breakdown of glucose to generate ATP without oxygen. • Location: Cytoplasm. • ATP Yield Comparison: Aerobic respiration yields 36–38 ATP | Anaerobic respiration yields only 2 ATP. • Main Purpose of Fermentation: Regenerates \(\text{NAD}^{+}\) so glycolysis can keep running. • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs in animals. Produces lactic acid. • Alcohol Fermentation: Occurs in yeast/plants. Produces ethanol and \(\text{CO}_{2}\). Chemical Changes During Strenuous Exercise • ATP: Decreases (used up rapidly). • ADP: Increases (byproduct of breaking down ATP). • Glucose: Decreases (consumed as fuel). • \(\text{CO}_{2}\): Increases (waste product builds up). • Lactic Acid: Increases (due to a lack of oxygen causing a switch to fermentation). Redox Reactions (Electrons & Hydrogen) • Oxidation: The loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms. • Reduction: The gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms. • Memory Trick: OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain). 🔄 Part 4: Plants vs. Animals (The Big Picture) Plant Gas Concentrations in a Sealed Container • In the Light: \(\text{CO}_{2}\) decreases. (Photosynthesis runs faster than respiration, consuming \(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • In the Dark: \(\text{CO}_{2}\) increases. (Photosynthesis stops without light, but respiration continues, releasing \(\text{CO}_{2}\)). Comparing Organisms • Plants/Autotrophs: Perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Animals/Heterotrophs: Perform only cellular respiration. • Plant Roots: Perform only cellular respiration (they have no access to light and lack chloroplasts). • Plant Leaves: Perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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