State building in Song China Dar-al Islam, South and Southeast Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Song China:

China had a centralized imperial bureaucracy and the members of the government had to take merit exams.

Innovation:

• Grand Canal-increased trade

• Steel/iron production-made farm tools more efficient

• Champa rice

• luxury goods like porcelain & silk were highly desired trade goods created by the Chinese

  Proto-Industrialization- less farmers were needed so more people were able to become artisans or laborers in urban areas

  Gunpowder & the magnetic compass eventually found its way to Europe through the silk road

  Religion in Song China:

• Confucianism - The first major religion in Song China, Confucianism emphasized filial piety

• idea of 5 relationships

• **Buddhism-**came to China through the silk road

• combined with Taoism to create zen-Buddhism

• Neo-confucianism- rose in Song China as a response to the rise of Buddhism

  Social Stratification:

• Song China was the most urbanized land in the world

• there was some social mobility in China, with the emperor at the top, followed by the scholar gentry (those educated in confucian philosophy), then farmers,artisans, then the merchant class, and at the very bottom the peasants

• women went to men for all things

  Tributary System:

• China recognized they weren’t going to succeed with just domestic production so they go to Japan, Korea, and they basically ask them to pay tribute so that China doesn’t try to invade them

  Japan, Korea, & Vietnam:

• Japan had adopted Buddhism and Confucianism, but was not as centrally governed.

• Korea was very close to China with a centralized system of government and the use of Confucianism and Buddhism.

Vietnam adapted the Chinese system of writing, but resisted sinification due to their unique views on the family and culture**.**

China operated on the Dynastical cycle

South & Southeast Asia:

• south and southeast Asia are decentralized

• decentralized-many different forms of government

• spread of hinduism and buddhism

• this region was heavily influenced by the trade relationship it had with surrounding regions

• Islam greatly influenced the region

• spread of religion through trade routes

• Merchants are the ones responsible for brining Islam to southeast Asia

• Some Hindus converted to Islam to escape the caste system

• Sufism is a minority section of Islam

• Bhakti is a minority movement of hinduism

• Buddhist monasticism is a minority of Buddhism

• lower caste formed these movements

  Dar-al Islam:

• 1200-1450

• Dar-al Islam means everything Islam touches

• southwest Asia(midle east)

• strongest religion at this time

• Islam connects to China through the Silk Road and thats how we get a lot of interaction between the two

  The following groups established their own Muslim empires after attacking and destroying the once unified Abbasid Caliphate.

Mamluk Empire:

• Turkish slaves working in Egypt who attacked and seized control of the Egyptian government created a Muslim empire across North Africa known as the Malmluk Sultanate.

  al-Andalus in Spain:

• the abbasid caliphate breaks up and they break up into different sections

• the caliphate is the empire

• the muslim world this time is very welcoming which allows them to thrive

• tolerant of other religions

• the islamic world had golden ages, advancements in art, science, medicine, literature, most wealthiest places in the world

Seljuk Turks:

• Muslim Turks who captured parts of Central Asia and the Middle East including Baghdad from the 11th to the 14th centuries.

• target of the first crusade

• cultural ancestors to the western turks

• the empire was weakened during the first two crusades and finally crumbled during the Mongol invasions.

Innovations:

• Nasiral-Din al-Tusi, Islamic scholar who set the footprint for trigonometry

• A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah, most prolific female muslim writer

  Medical Advances:

• increasing standards of medical care

Cultural Continuities:

Islamic scholars were known for taking learning from various cultures and adding upon it.

1.Translated Greek classics into Arabic

2.Studied math from India

3.Made paper from China

• concept of zero is developed in India, and makes its way into other regions

• house of Baghdad

• muslim world really preached learning ,education, thought it would lead to more innovation to learn from the past

• when the Mongols come they are going to drastically change things

  Americas:

  Aztecs(Mexica:

• 13th century

• By 1434, Aztecs dominate the valley by conquering other city-states and creating a tribute empire.

• Capital city of Tenochtitlan

• Rulers were considered gods on earth giving them lots of power.

• Mesoamerican society

• idea of human sacrifice

• agricultural developments: floating gardens, chinampas

• floating gardens provided the Aztecs with nutrition

  Inca Empire:

• centered around Lake Titicaca in Peru

• highly centralized with a ruler over 4 provinces

• created a tribute empire (Mit’a system) forced to work for them as a tax

• Carpa Nan connected the large empire

• Advanced irrigation made the Inca skilled farmers (use of terrace farming – farming into the side of a mountain and Waru Waru irrigation systems)

• Quipu was used for record keeping, story telling, counting, calendar

  Maya:

• were decentralized with many Maya city-states spread out in the region.

Known for art, architecture, calendar, and astronomical system.

Other Tribes in the Americas:

• Spread throughout the Americas, tribes were varied depending on their environment (Cahokia and Mesa Verde).

• Most empires were weakened by European contact

Africa:

• The Bantu people, spread not only their language, but their knowledge of metalwork and agriculture throughout Africa.

• There were many stateless societies meaning they did not have a centralized and organized government.

• largely weak with no tax systems or large building projects

• islam will slowly spread into Africa through missionaries

• animals, winds ,spirits ,some African societies will ditch their beliefs and others will combine

• syncretism-combine multiple religions

  Trans-Saharan Trade:

• Trade was improved by the use of camels and the camel saddle and caravans.

• Trade allowed empires to grow along the network through importing their goods and trading with other kingdoms.

• Start of a gold-salt trade between West Africa (gold) and North Africa (salt). Surplus for Surplus.

  West African Empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai:

• Became Islamic to grow political power.

• Traded with other Muslim nations (thanks to Mansa Musa {Mali} & Sonni Ali [Songhai])

• Set up Tributary systems on a small scale.

Central Africa:

• Islam did not spread to this region. It was difficult to travel here, and states formed more slowly without the Islamic influence.

Great Zimbabwe:

• Large and non-Islamic

• Dominated African gold and trade on coastal ports in the Indian Ocean network.

• Built a great wall for protection

  Ethiopia(Aksum):

• Link between the Arab and Mediterranean world.

• Exposed to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

• LOTS of trade because proximity to Eurasia
  Global Connection:

• Spread of Islam opened up Africa to global trade, but most of Africa developed independently

• the richest man in the world was located in Mali, manta Musa

• showed there was actual wealth in Africa during this time period

• Timbuktu-cradle of culture in the Mali Empire

• was thriving before Europeans come

• thriving trade network is the difference between americas and Africa

  Developments in Western Europe:

• biggest thing in Europe during the time was Christianity

• religion was a way to unify the kingdoms

• the Catholic Church was very organized but corrupt

• Christian crusades tried to end Muslim rule in the Holy Land. It was successful in some places, but most importantly it opened the West up to trade.

• holy wars between Christianity & Islam, took place in southwest Asia

• Byzantine empire is the only empire

  Effects of the Crusades:

• increased desires for luxury goods (silk, cotton, sugar, & spices)

• introduced technologies( astrolabe, compass, ship designs, & gunpowder)

• introduced ideas (Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, telescope)

Manorialism:

• Existed during a time of decentralization

• Land owners would have peasants (serfs) work and live on their land.

• in exchange, the Lord of the manor would provide protection for the serf.

• Manors were isolated with low levels of production &  low technology.

• very vulnerable to viking raids

• Not the best system, but it did create a system of local rule with regional aristocrats.

• in the high middle ages we still have feudalism, everything is on the manor, everything is self sufficient

• always evolved around the church

  Feudalism:

• replaced manorialism

• Rules provide protection & aid to lesser lords (vassals/nobles)

• Nobles employ Knights for protection, & Peasants worked the land in exchange for protection and somewhere to live.

• A feudal monarch slowly grew and manors were absorbed into larger kingdoms.

• eventually many peasants under the feudal system were unhappy

  Results:

• Feudalism gets shaped into a monarchy

• the High Middle Ages was a time where feudalism decreased and industrialization increased, which led to an increase in education & urbanization

• agriculture improves

• PLAGUE

• the Black death starts to spread around 1300 in Europe

• the labor force declines because of the population dying

• peasants start revolting, checks were put in place against the feudal lords

• many people form Guilds to control working conditions