Economic Imperialism -

It allowed European and American economies to exploit people and raw materials from colonies. The colonizing countries were able to gain significant power and influence over non-industrialized nations.

Social Darwinism -

The social ideology that applied Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to society. Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism because Europeans thought that they were superior because they were “civilized.”

Civilizing Mission -

A belief held by many colonial powers that it was their duty to bring Western civilization to the “uncivilized” regions of the world. This idea was used to justify the colonization of countries.

White Man’s Burden -

A duty asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed were less developed. This idea was used to justify imperialism.

Belgian Congo -

A former colony (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) ruled by Belgium from 1908 to 1960. Belgium stripped the congo of its resources and either killed or enslaved the native people.

Settler Colony -

Colonies in which large numbers of colonizing people settled. Settler colonies were used to safeguard the edges of empires as well as move people from the colonizing country (Britain didn’t have a lot of space because it was an island).

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement -

A movement started by a little girl in which the African Xhosa tribe believed that killing their cattle and destroying their crops would get their gods’ attention and remove the invaders from their lands. It did not work and people found themselves starving to death.

Ghost Dance Movement -

A ceremony that spread among the Native Americans. It represented an attempt on Natives in the western U.S. to rehabilitate their traditional cultures.

Indian Revolt (1857) -

A failed uprising and rebellion against the rule of the British East India Company in India. It eventually removed the rule of the British East India Company, but the British government just took control of India directly through representatives.

Opium Wars -

China told Britain to stop trading opium with the Chinese citizens, so Britain started a war, and it ended with China signing unequal treaties with foreign imperialist powers.

Boxer Rebellion -

An uprising against foreigners occurred in China in about 1900. It was begun by peasants, but the government eventually supported it. A Chinese secret society, the Boxers, embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. The rebellions resulted in increased foreign influence, not less.

Taiping Rebellion -

An incredibly violent and destructive 14-year revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty due to their failure to deal effectively with the opium problems, the interference of foreigners, as well as the rulers' Manchurian origins. Ultimately it was a failure; 20-30 million soldiers and civilians died and it greatly weakened China and the Qing Dynasty

Spheres of Influence -

Areas in China where foreign nations controlled economic developments such as trade, railroad construction, and mining; established after China lost the Opium Wars

Ethnic Enclave -

A high number of people from the same ethnic group within a geographic area that are distinct from the people in the areas around them. Ethnic enclaves speed up the incorporation of new immigrants into a bustling economy.

Chinese Exclusion Act -

The first significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. It was passed in 1882 and provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the U.S. It was a reaction to the migrations that were driven by industrialization.

White Australia Policy -

A set of laws and policies that were implemented in Australia (1901-1973) to restrict non-white immigration to Australia. It contributed to the development of a racially insulated white society.

Cecil Rhodes -

A European who became the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. His aggressive expansion played a central role in promoting British imperialism in South Africa.

Treaty of Nanjing -

It officially brought the First Opium War to an end. As part of the agreement, the Chinese agreed to repay the British for the opium that the government destroyed and give Great Britain the city of Hong Kong.

British East India Company -

An English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. During the 19th century, the British East India Company was focused on controlling of India, political and military gains in India, and the trade of spices and opium.

Berlin Conference -

The imperial countries ought to discuss the splitting up of Africa, so the Berlin conference was held at the expense of the African people.