AP Human Geo Unit 2.11

Migration

The long-term relocation of an individual, household, or larger group to a new locale outside the community of origin.

Internal migration

The moves people make within a particular country or region.

Gravity Model

Larger (by population) and closer cities have more 'gravitational pull' or influence on migrants than smaller or more distant cities.

Step Migration

An eventual long-distance migration that is undertaken in stages--farm to village to small town to city or by stopping at intermittent locations along the way of your journey to your final destination.

Intervening Opportunities

Factors that help continue your step migration process or something that could help you make a transition into a new country easier.

Intervening Obstacles

Factors that hinder your migration process or something that could make a transition into a new country more difficult.

Counter Migration

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated.

Cyclical Movement

Movement that has a closed route and generally happens on a regular basis.

Cyclical Movement: Activity Space

A type of cyclic movement that is the area which you go about your daily routine.

Time Geography

Focuses on the interrelationship between activities in the space and the constraints imposed by these interrelationships.

Time-space path

Traces an individual's physical movement in space with respect to time, where the Y axis is time and the X axis is distance (space).

Cyclical Movement: Pastoral Nomadism

Movement that is purposeful and takes place along familiar routes.

Counter-Migration Example

The Great Migration, where African Americans migrated from the south to northern cities in the early 20th century, generating a counter-migration as some returned to the south.

Job opportunities

An example of an intervening opportunity that can facilitate migration.

Assistance programs

An example of an intervening opportunity that can facilitate migration.

Positive perceptions of immigrants

An example of an intervening opportunity that can facilitate migration.

Challenging physical geography

An example of an intervening obstacle that can hinder migration.

Restrictive immigration policies

An example of an intervening obstacle that can hinder migration.

Negative perceptions of immigrants

An example of an intervening obstacle that can hinder migration.

Cultural/language barrier

An example of an intervening obstacle that can hinder migration.

Securing employment

An example of an intervening obstacle that can hinder migration.

Pastoral nomads

Move their animals to water sources and pastures on a regular basis.

Voluntary Migration

Has an element of choice based on some perceived opportunity such as kinship/family relationships. Most common voluntary movement due to economic opportunity.

Periodic Movements

Does not necessarily involve returning to the same place. It takes place over a longer period of time away from the home base.

Transhumance

Moving animals up to mountains for summer pasturing and down into valleys during the winter.

Seasonal Movement

Typically movement to areas seasonally to perform certain jobs, e.g., landscaping.

College Students

To and from college towns when school is in and out of session.

Chain Migration/Kinship Links

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. This is a series of migrations within a family or defined group of people.

Guest Worker

Legal immigrant who has a work visa (legal right to work), normally for a certain period of time.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in poorer countries.

Forced Migration

When the element of choice is removed, examples include the African Slave Trade and the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Impelled Migration

Individuals are not 'forced' out of their country, but leave due to unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, natural disasters or religious persecution.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People displaced within their own countries (do not cross international borders).

Asylum seeker

Someone who is usually a refugee and is seeking permanent protection/residency/assistance by another country to escape persecution.

Refugee

Flee war, violence, conflict or persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion and cross international borders to find safety in another country.

Refugee Challenges

The challenge with immigration policy is not that countries don't want to help people; there is a practical limit to how many refugees a country can help.

Example of Chain Migration

An immigrant moves to Austin, enjoys it, believes there is economic opportunity, and encourages family members to move there.

Spatial phenomena

Examples include Chinatown and Little Italy in NYC as a result of chain migration.

Economic opportunity

A perceived opportunity that drives voluntary migration.

Natural disasters

Unfavorable situations that can lead to impelled migration.

Political problems

Unfavorable situations that can lead to impelled migration.

Religious persecution

Unfavorable situations that can lead to impelled migration.

Irish Potato Famine

An example of impelled migration where individuals were not physically forced to leave but faced dire consequences if they stayed.