Chapter 16: The Civil War

Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

What army was commanded by George McClellan?

Army of the Potomac

Why did the Union want control of the Mississippi River?

-To split the Confederacy in two

-To keep the Rebels from using the river to ship goods and troops

What was the Massachusetts 54th?

The African American regiment that showed bravery at Fort Wagner

What was the rate of inflation in the South during the war?

9000%

What were contributing factors in Lincoln's re-election in 1864?

-The Union took control of the Gulf of Mexico

-General Sheridan forced the Rebels out of the Shenandoah Valley

-General William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta

What was Lincoln's primary goal as president?

to preserve the Union

List five border states during the Civil War

Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia

Where was the first official battle of the war?

Bull Run

What did Lincoln hope to accomplish by blockading the Southern ports?

-to prevent supplies from coming in from other countries

-to prevent the exportation of cotton

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

It announced that all slaves living in states in rebellion were free

What were ways that both North and South financed the war?

-they printed more money

-they borrowed money

-they raised taxes

Why did Lincoln feel he could count on the military leadership of Ulysses S. Grant?

He was a hard fighter

What were advantages of the North?

larger population, more industry, more food, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, better banking system, had a Navy, more railroad

What was the Confederate strategy for winning the war?

to wear the North down until they tired of fighting

Why was George McClellan fired?

He often failed to engage the enemy

What officially banned slavery in the United States?

13th Amendment

What is entrenchment?

to be placed in a strong defensive position

What were positive consequences of the war?

-freed millions of African Americans from slavery

-strengthened the federal government

-The Union was saved

What were disadvantages of the Confederate States?

-less men, less food, less industry, less railroads, no navy, less money

What nickname was Brigadier Thomas Jackson given for his stand at Henry Hill?

Stonewall Jackson

Where was the Confederate capital?

Richmond, Virginia

Why did Lincoln hesitate to abolish slavery altogether?

if he did, the border states would likely secede

Who was the military leader of the army of Northern Virginia?

Robert E. Lee

Describe details of the Battle of Gettysburg.

-Robert E. Lee (Confederates) vs. George Meade (Union)

-It lasted three days

-It was in Pennsylvania

-The Union won

-Deadliest battle of the Civil War

Who was Clara Barton?

a nurse who worked on the battle fields of the civil war and later on founded the American Red Cross

What caused a riot in New York City in 1863?

poor working class citizens opposed new draft laws and the emancipation of slaves

Who were Confederates hoping to form an alliance with?

Britain and France

What is "total war?"

to destroy of confiscate anything of use to the enemy- military or civilian

What is a "casualty?"

men who are no longer able to actively serve- dead, injured, or captured

To prevent treason in the border states, what right did Lincoln suspend?

right to a trial by jury (habeas corpus)

After the Battle of Fort Donelson, what nickname did U.S. Grant receive?

Unconditional Surrender

What were the effects of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation?

-Thousands of slaves ran away to Union lines

-Britain and France were not willing to help the South

-The South became more determined to win

-Prejudice increased amongst Northerners opposed to freeing slaves

Who did Lincoln defeat in the 1864 presidential election?

George McClellan

In Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address," what occurred "four score and seven years ago?"

the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jeffeson

About how many deaths were caused by the Civil War?

620,000

What sentiment did Lincoln express towards the South in his second inaugural address?

forgiveness towards the South and the need to heal the nation

After what event did Lee famously tell his men "All this has been my fault...It is I who has lost this fight?"

Pickett's Charge

How long did the Civil War last?

nearly 4 years

what do the border states all have in common?

slave states who stayed loyal to the Union

What people were typically able to avoid the draft?

The rich- owned plantations, could hire a substitute or pay the government $300

The average Civil War soldier was what age and what profession?

25 years old and a farmer

What did the Union do to encourage new enlistments in the army?

They offered a bounty or payment

By how much did the Union blockade reduce Southern trade?

It cut Southern trade by 2/3

What was considered the turning point of the Civil War?

Battle of Gettysburg

What is an ironclad?

a warship equipped with iron plating for protection

What effect did the war have on the Northern economy?

Manufacturers and farmers made record profits by meeting wartime demands

What role did women take during the war?

Women became office workers, teachers, farm managers, factory workers, salesclerks, etc.

What happened at Appomattox Court House, Virginia on April 9, 1865?

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant

Besides serving as soldiers, what other contribution did many African Americans make to the war effort?

they served as guides to Union troops and as spies

What were Confederate advantages?

The Confederates had better leaders and soldiers, they knew the land well, they only had to defend (not conquer), they also had higher morale.

What nicknames were Northerners and Southerners referred to?

Northerners were "Yankees" and Southerners were "Rebels"

What was the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg?

Ulysses S. Grant won a victory there and took completed control over the Mississippi River

What was the South fighting for?

To be recognized as an independent nation

Who were the "Peace Democrats"

Northerners who wanted to compromise a peace with the South

What was the starting and ending point of Sherman's "March to the Sea?"

Atlanta to Savannah Georgia- he destroyed everything in the path of his army (total war)

What was the purpose of the Gettysburg Address?

To dedicate a cemetery to the men who lost their lives during the battle

What were Union disadvantages in the war?

Soldiers were not as experienced, people were more divided about the war, less familiar with the land, having to invade and conquer a large land area

What did many all-black regiments do in response to unequal pay?

They fought without any pay at all

What were the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House?

Confederate soldiers had to lay down their arms and agree to go home. They could keep their horses and were provided with 3 days worth of food

What battle marked the single bloodiest day in all of U.S. history?

Battle of Antietam

What activities made up a typical day for a Civil War soldier?

- performing various duties around camp (tending to horses, cooking, building roads, guard duty, etc.)

- practicing drills

- diversions (sports, writing letters, reading newspapers, gambling, etc.)

After the war, what became of Robert E. Lee's plantation?

It became Arlington National Cemetery

What Confederate prison camp in Georgia was the Civil War's most infamous and deadly prison camp?

Andersonville

2/3 of all Civil War deaths was due to what cause?

disease