Ch. 30 Flowering Plants

Seed

Consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

wind

Seeds can disperse over long distances by ____ or other means

ultraviolet radiation

All seed plants have reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, and pollen which are adaptations that help plants cope with drought and exposure to ____ ____

False

True or false: water is not required for fertilization of seed plants

sporophyte, gametophytes

Seed plant life cycles are ____-dominated, and ____ are microscopic and dependent

spores

Gametophytes develop from ____ retained within the sporangia of the sporophyte

Homosporous plants

Plants that produce one kind of spore and generally have bisexual gametophytes

Heterosporous plants

Plants that produce two types of spores, which form either male or female gametophytes

Ovule

Consists of a megaspore within a megasporangium, surrounded by integuments

Integuments

One or more protective coats that surround the ovule

Pollen grain

Pollen wall that encloses a male gametophyte developed from a microspore

Pollination

Transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

germinate

Pollen grains ____ when they reach the female reproductive structure

sporophyte

If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant, the zygote grows into a ____ embryo

ovule, sperm

The pollen tube produced by germinated pollen grain will grow into the ____ and discharge ____ into the female gametophyte

seeds, spores

Both ____ and ____ provide protection from harsh conditions and facilitate dispersal

multicellular, unicellular

Seeds are ____ and spores are ____

Spores

Are seeds or spores shorter-lived?

No

Do spores provide nourishment to gametophytes?

Conifers

Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called what? (ex. pines, firs, redwoods)

Pollen

Airborne agent bringing gametes together

Scales

Part of each ovulate cone that separate at maturity and seeds are dispersed by wind

seedling

At germination, the sporophyte embryo emerges as ____

Devonian

Characteristics found in living seed plants date back to the late ____ period

305

The oldest gymnosperm fossils are about ____ million years old

drought

Seeds, pollen, and adaptations for ____ tolerance helped gymnosperms thrive into the Permian period

Mesozoic

Gymnosperms dominated terrestrial environments during the ____ era

Mesozoic

Angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms near the end of the ____ era

Cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

Name the four phyla of gymnosperms

Phylum Cycadophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms with flagellated sperm, large cones, and palmlike leaves; many species toay are endangered

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms with fleshy seeds produced by female trees (smell rancid as they decay); popular in cities because they tolerate air pollution

Phylum Gnetophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms in which some are tropical while others live in deserts

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

Name the three genera of Phylum Gnetophyta

Welwitschia

Genus of Phylum Gnetophyta that occurs only in desserts of Southwestern Africa and has large straplike leaves; produces ovulate cones on stalks

Ephedra

Genus of Phylum Gnetophyta that produces ephedrine

Ephedrine

Compound used medicinally as a decongestant

Gnetum

Genus of Phylum Gnetophyta that includes species of tropical trees, shrubs, and vines; leaves look similar to flowering plants, and seeds look similar to fruits

Phylum Coniferphyta

Largest phylum of gymnosperms (~600 species); most have woody cones; some have fleshy cones, needlelike leaves, or scaly leaves; most are evergreens

Flowers and fruits

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called what?

Flower

Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

pollen

In many species, insects or other animals transfer ____ from one flower to the sex organs of another

Sepals

Usually green and enclose the flower bud

Petals

Often brightly colored to attract pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers aren’t usually brightly colored

Stamens

Microsporophylls, male reproductive organs

Carpels

Megasporophylls, female reproductive organs

Filament

Stalk that’s part of stamen

Anther

Terminal sac of stamen

Microspores

____ are produced within the anthers and develop into pollen grains which contain the male gametophytes

ovary, style, stigma

Name the three parts of the carpel

anther, filament

Name the two parts of the stamen

Ovary

Contains the female gametophyte(s) within the ovule(s); fertilized ovules develop into seeds

Pistil

A single carpel or two or more fused carpels

Radial symmetry

Any imaginary line through the central axis divides the flower into two equal parts

Bilateral symmetry

A flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line

Fruit

As seeds develop, the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures into a what?

seeds

Fruits protect ____ and aid in their dispersal

seeds

Some dry fruits split open and release mature ____, others remain closed

wind

Some fruits (ex. dandelions) function like parachutes for ____ dispersal

water

Some fruits (ex. coconuts) are adapted to float by dispersal by ____

fur

Some fruits modified as burrs cling to animal ____

feces

Sweet tasting, vividly colored fruits are eaten by animals and dispersed in their ____

embryo sac

Female gametophyte contained in each ovule

Egg

Contained within the embryo sac

Cross-pollination

Transfer of pollen from a different individual

pollen

Male gametophytes are contained within ____ grains produced by the micsporangia or anthers

Double fertilization

Process in which one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a diploid zygote and the other sperm fuses with two nuclei in the embryo sac to form a triploid cell (3n)

Cotylendons

Seed leaves of sporophyte embryo

sporophyte

The zygote forms a ____ embryo with a simple root and one or two cotylendons

Endosperm

Tissue rich in starch and other food for the developing embryo; formed by triploid cell

Cretaceous

Angiosperms originated in the early ____ period, and they dominated terrestrial environments midway through this period

woody, aquatic

Fossils of seed plants closely related to angiosperms indicate the ancestor was probably ____ and not ____

Extant

Opposite of extinct

Bennettitales

Angiosperms may be more closely related to ____, extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures

Parasitism

What is the most successful type of symbiosis?

Eudicots

“True” dicots; form a clade that includes most of the species once categorized as dicots

one, two

Monocots have ____ tylendon(s) and dicots have ____ tylendon(s)

Basal angiosperms

Flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages, Amborella, water lillies, star anise and relatives (~100 species)

Magnoliids

Share some traits with basal angiosperms (ex. spirally arranged floral organs) but evolved later; genetically more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms

one quarter

About ____ of angiosperms are monocots

two-thirds

More than ____ of angiosperms are eudicots

Seed

____ plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and medicine

angiosperms

Most of our food comes from ____

175

At this rate of habitat destruction, the remaining tropical forests will be eliminated in ____ years

carbon dioxide, global warming

Loss of forests reduces the absorption of ____ ____ by photosynthesis, contributing to ____ ____