chap 13 immune system

pathogen

any living organism or virus that is capable of causing a disease

antigen

proteins embedded on the outer surface of the invader(bacteria), ““not self” proteins that trigger an immune response

on the surface of the pathogen

antibiotics

chemicals that selectively block some of the biochemistry needed by bacteria while having no effect on eukaryotic(human cells)

antibodies

protein molecules produced by plasma cell leukocytes in response to a specific pathogen

each antibody is different

y- shaped

primary immune response

first encounter with a particular pathogen

takes a week or more to be successful and symptoms of the disease will be experienced as the immune system works to eliminate the pathogen

secondary immune response

second or third encounter with a particular pathogen

quicker and more intense so symptoms are rarely experienced

what is the first defense against pathogens

the skin

Explain the process of blood clotting including the roles of platelets and the plasma proteins and their active forms of thrombin and fibrin.

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets stick to the injured area and form a plug. Plasma proteins involved in clotting, prothrombin and fibrinogen, are normally inactive until bleeding occurs. Clotting factors convert prothrombin into thrombin, which then changes fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that strengthens the platelet plug and creates a stable blood clot.

Describe how vaccines work to provide immunity from a disease.

Vaccines act as a first exposure to a pathogen. The immune system recognizes the vaccine’s antigens as “not-self” and produces a primary immune response, creating memory cells. If the real pathogen enters the body later, the memory cells trigger a quick secondary response, which stops the disease before symptoms appear.

State the views of some parents for not getting their children vaccinated and getting their child vaccinated

Pro

• prevent children from diseases

• protect the community and others who can’t get vaccinated

• They have been tested for safety and effectiveness

Against

• concerns about side effects

• personal, religious beliefs

• They believe it causes diseases like autism

helper t cells

leukocytes that can chemically recognize the antigen being presented and they become activated

b cell

 begins a series of cell divisions by mitosis and all the cells produced the same antibody

histamine

 chemical that is released during and allergic reaction from mast cells