phonetics exam 2

i

"keep"

high front tense vowel

ɪ

"flip"

high (lower than i) front lax vowel

e

"rotate"

high-mid front tense vowel

e uses

monophthong

used in only unstressed syllables

therefore not in one-syllable words

ɛ

"help"

low-mid front lax vowel

æ

"clap"

low front lax vowel

point vowel

nasalization

vowels become nasalized in presence of nasal consonants

æ̃ diacritic for hat vs ham

u

"moon"

high back tense vowel

point vowel

ʊ

"book"

high back lax vowel

o

"rotation"

high-mid back tense vowel

o uses

monophthong

used in only unstressed syllables

therefore not in one-syllable words

ɔ

"caught"

low-mid back tense vowel

varies by dialect

ɑ

"top"

low back tense vowel

ə

schwa

"around"

mid central lax vowel

ə uses

unstressed syllables

most frequent english vowel

ʌ

wedge

"tub"

low-mid back-central lax vowel

ʌ uses

stressed version of schwa

ɚ

schwar

"butter"

mid central lax vowel

ɚ uses

unstressed syllables only

ɝ

right hook reverse epsilon

"bird"

mid central tense vowel

ɝ uses

stressed syllables only

monophthongs definition

steady state vowels with unchanging quality

diphthongs definition

have dynamic articulation and a changing vowel quality (don't fit into vowel quadrilateral)

onglide

first element of a diphthong

primary articulation

offglide

second element of a diphthong

tongue always rises for offglide in English diphthongs

3 phonemic diphthongs

symbols correspond to unique sounds, don't correspond to any other vowel sound

can be used in stressed or unstressed syllable

aɪ

"kite" "smile" "fly"

ɔɪ

"toy" "joy" "spoil"

aʊ

"frown" "down" "gown"

2 non-phonemic diphthongs

allophone of another monophthong

use diphthong in a stressed syllable

use monophthong in an unstressed syllable

eɪ

"snake" "sailor" "jail"

oʊ

"phone" "low" "cold"

r-colored vowel transcription conventions

vowels preceding /ɹ/ take on rhotic quality which can make transcription difficult in these contexts

ɪɹ

"clear"

ɛɹ

"care"

ɔɹ

"core"

ɑɹ

"car"

ʊɹ

"lure"

consonants definition

formed with significant constriction

2 articulators modify oral and nasal airflow

multiple sound sources

vary in continuance and cannot stand alone

syllable onset or coda

3 phonemic dimensions

vowels definition

formed without significant constriction

tongue and lip position

1 sound source

continuant

can stand alone

syllable nucleus

4 phonemic dimensions

3 phonemic dimensions of consonants

place, manner, voicing

place of articulation

where the constriction occurs

manner of articulation

how the airstream is modified

voicing

whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating

8 places for english

bilabial

labiodental

interdental

alveolar

post-alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

+1 labiovelar (w)

homorganic

sounds sharing the same place of articulation

6 manners for english

nasal

stop

fricative

affricate

liquid

glide

cognates

phonemes that differ only in voicing (same place and manner)

sonorants

nasals, liquids, glides

produced with resonance throughout the vocal tract

greater degree of openness

all are voiced

lower frequency

obstruents

stops, fricatives, affricates

less open vocal tract, most constriction

many cognates

higher frequency

stops

p, b, t, d, k, g

glottal stop ʔ "flatten," "kitten," "newton"

alveolar tap ɾ "static," "matter," "data"

nasals

m, n, ŋ

syllabic and non syllabic nasals

syllabic nasals

serve as nucleus of 2nd syllable

used where you think nasals should be preceded by schwa

- nasal is in unstressed syllable (not first) of multisyllabic word

- 2 phonemes before nasal are a vowel + 1 obstruent

syllabic nasals examples

caution, spasm, rhythm, satin

fricatives

f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h