Intercultural communication.

What does the Union model Contain off:

1. Outer layer — Artefacts (visible: clothing, food, buildings, language)

2. Middle layer — Values & Beliefs (written/unwritten rules; what's right, wrong, good, bad)

3. Inner layer — Basic Assumptions (deepest, invisible, automatic beliefs; only understood after long exposure)

The cultural iceberg.

Most of the culture is invisible, like an iceberg. Only 10% that is above water is what you see (the artifacts), and the 90% underwater are the values, beliefs, and assumptions.

Three levels of cultural programming

1. universal (bottom) things every human does: everyone eats, sleeps. Inherited

2. Culture (middle) : how your group does things, when and what they eat, and how you greet people. Learned

3. Individual: your personal choices. (inherited and learned)

The Hall's model

1. High vs low context communication

2. Monochronic vs polychronic time

3. Fast vs slow information flow

Hofstede

1. Power Distance

2. Individualism vs Collectivism

3. Masculinity vs Femininity

4. Uncertainty Avoidance

5. Long-term vs Short-term Orientation

6. Indulgence vs Restraint

Uncertainty avoidance

Strong is more in countries that have more rules, like protests must be suppressed, and it's fear of the unknown. Weak is more with being comfortable with unclear situations and citizens can protest. High is like Japan. Low is like Sweden.

Indulgence vs restraint.

How freely a society allows people to enjoy life and satisfy basic human desires. With low scores, smiling at strangers is suspicious, and with high scores, smiling is normal.

Three types Lewis model

1. Linear-Active

2. Reactive

3. Multi-Active

Linear active

Task focused, organized, one thing at a time, direct but polite. This is Blue. Netherlands

• Germany

• Switzerland

Reactive

Relationships are respect-focused, listening more than talking, indirect, and avoid conflicts and loss of face. Typical countries are Japan and China.

Multi-Active

People and relationship focused. Emotional, spontaneous, flexible, talks a lot and interrupts freely. Typical countries are Brazil, Spain, Italy.

DMIS model

it shows the 6 stages of growth in intercultural sensitivity. From total ignorance to full cultural competence. Growing through all six stages takes years.

Ethocentric stages

You can see your own culture as the norm
1. Denial (Your own culture feels like the only real one
2. Defened (Us vs Them thinking,
3. Minimisation (You acknowledge differences but dismiss deeper ones, were all the same really)

Ethnorelative stages

You can see the world from other cultural perspectives.

1. Acceptance, you accept that other cultures are different

2. Adaptation, you actively adapt your behavior to fit the other culture

3. Integration, you can move between multiple cultural frames of reference freely without losing your own identity.

What is Culture Shock

The emotional and psychological adjustment process when motion to a foreign environment. Hits after 2-3 months.

Adler’s 5 stages of Culture Shock

1. Pre-Departure: Tension and excitement before leaving

2. Honeymoon: Arrival, everything is new, fun and exciting.

3. Culture Shock: Disappointment sets in. The difference feel overwhelming. You feel like an outsider. You start to dislike the new culture.

4. Adjustment: You have learned how the new culture actually works. You make choices about what to embrace and what to leave.

5. Re-Entry Shock: When you return home, you experience a reverse culture shock. It is often worse, because you do not expect it.

Adaption Strategies

1. Encapsulators: Stay in their own cultural bubble. Accept the local culture minimally.

2. Adapters: Full integrate into the local culture and giving up their original identity.

3. Cosmopolitans: Adapt to the local culture while perserving their own identity Best personal and cultural growth.

Multicultural Teams: Key finding

or they have a high performance or a low performacne

Four types of teams

1. Homogeneous Cultural Team: everyone with similar backgrounds, no diversity.

2. Token team: mostly one culture with one or two people from different backgrounds. Example: the only woman in a male team.

3. Bicultural Team: Two Cultures in Balance

4. Multicultural team: multiple cultures, no single culture dominates, potentially the most creative and productive.

Bias

A normal preference for a particular type of person or group, often unconscious.

The cultural bias

judging and interpreting other people's behavior based on their culture, norms, and values.

Implicit bias.

Unconscious attitude toward people or groups located in the limbic brain, the survival instinct, causes blind spots and misjudgments. Example: overlooking a woman in job applications.

Tuckman’s 5 stages

Teams develop through a fixed pattern. They cannot skip stages. Only in the performing stage do teams outperform individuals working alone.

1. Forming: getting to know each other

2. Storming: conflict emerges, different opinions clash

3. Norming: integration, group rules and roles established, trust grows

4. Performing: full productivity, team works efficiently together, most creative phase

5. Adjourning: task is done, team wraps up and reflects on emotions around ending

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Name the six phases of Bennett's DMIS model and explain the phases.

1. Denial — doesn't notice cultural differences

2. Defence — sees differences as a threat (us vs them)

3. Minimisation — notices surface differences but thinks "we're all basically the same"

4. Acceptance — recognises differences without judging them

5. Adaptation — actively changes behaviour to fit the other culture

6. Integration — can switch freely between multiple cultural frames of reference