Lecture Review on Cellular Environment, Injury, and Electrolyte Balance

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to cellular environment, injury, electrolyte balance, and related pathological processes.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Hypoxia

A condition of below normal oxygen levels in tissues.

Ischemia

A condition of reduced blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply to a tissue.

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death that results in inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

Apoptosis

Controlled cell death that occurs without inflammation, often referred to as 'programmed cell death.'

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size, often due to an increased workload.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells, often in response to normal stimuli such as hormonal changes.

Atrophy

A reduction in cell size and function, typically due to disuse or aging.

Metaplasia

The transformation of one cell type to another, which can occur in response to chronic irritation.

Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia)

A condition characterized by low body fluid levels, often due to factors like vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding.

Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)

A condition characterized by excess body fluid, often associated with heart or kidney failure.

Sodium (Na+)

An essential electrolyte that helps control fluid balance and is normal at levels of 135-145 mEq/L.

Potassium (K+)

An electrolyte critical for heart rhythm and muscle contraction, with a normal range of 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

Acidosis

A condition indicating too much acid in the body, associated with a pH lower than 7.35.

Alkalosis

A condition indicating too little acid, associated with a pH higher than 7.45.

Respiratory Acidosis

A primary condition caused by excess carbon dioxide due to inadequate respiration.

Respiratory Alkalosis

A primary condition caused by too little carbon dioxide, often due to hyperventilation.

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition characterized by too much acid or too little bicarbonate, often from kidney failure or DKA.

Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition characterized by too much bicarbonate or loss of acid, often due to vomiting.

Innate Immunity

Natural immunity present from birth, which provides the first line of defense against pathogens.

Adaptive Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to antigens, providing long-lasting protection, often through antibodies.

Hypoglycemia

A condition indicating low blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms such as sweating, shaking, and confusion.

Hyperglycemia

A condition indicating high blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms such as frequent urination, thirst, and hunger.

Dysplasia

Abnormal cell growth and organization that is not cancerous but may lead to cancer.

Neoplasia

An abnormal, excessive growth of cells that forms a tumor, which can be benign or malignant.